Güvenlik geliştirmeleri

Android, güvenlik özelliklerini ve sunduğu hizmetleri sürekli olarak iyileştirir. Soldaki gezinme menüsünde, sürüme göre geliştirme listelerini görebilirsiniz.

Android 14

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十种安全增强功能，以保护用户。以下是 Android 14 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能：

  • Android 10 中引入的硬件辅助 AddressSanitizer (HWASan) 是一款类似于 AddressSanitizer 的内存错误检测工具。Android 14 对 HWASan 进行了重大改进。如需了解它如何帮助防止 bug 进入 Android 版本，请访问 HWAddressSanitizer
  • 在 Android 14 中，从与第三方共享位置数据的应用开始，系统运行时权限对话框现在包含一个可点击的部分，用于突出显示应用的数据分享做法，包括诸如以下信息：应用为什么可能会决定与第三方分享数据。
  • Android 12 引入了在调制解调器级别停用 2G 支持的选项，以保护用户免受 2G 的过时安全模型固有的安全风险的影响。认识到停用 2G 对企业客户的重要性后，Android 14 在 Android Enterprise 中启用了此安全功能，以便 IT 管理员能够限制受管设备降级到 2G 连接。
  • 开始支持拒绝未加密的移动网络连接，确保电路交换语音和短信流量始终会加密，并可防范被动无线拦截。详细了解 Android 的移动网络连接强化计划。
  • 新增了对多个 IMEI 的支持
  • 从 Android 14 开始，AES-HCTR2 是采用加速加密指令的设备的首选文件名加密模式。
  • 移动网络连接
  • 在 Android 安全中心添加了相关文档
  • 如果您的应用以 Android 14 为目标平台并使用动态代码加载 (DCL) 功能，则必须将所有动态加载的文件标记为只读。否则，系统会抛出异常。我们建议应用尽可能避免动态加载代码，因为这样做会大大增加应用因代码注入或代码篡改而遭到入侵的风险。

请查看完整的 AOSP 版本说明以及 Android 开发者功能和变更列表。

Android 13

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 13:

  • Android 13 adds multi-document presentation support. This new Presentation Session interface enables an app to do a multi-document presentation, something which isn't possible with the existing API. For further information, refer to Identity Credential
  • In Android 13, intents originating from external apps are delivered to an exported component if and only if the intents match their declared intent-filter elements.
  • Open Mobile API (OMAPI) is a standard API used to communicate with a device's Secure Element. Before Android 13, only apps and framework modules had access to this interface. By converting it to a vendor stable interface, HAL modules are also capable of communicating with the secure elements through the OMAPI service. For more information, see OMAPI Vendor Stable Interface.
  • As of Android 13-QPR, shared UIDs are deprecated. Users of Android 13 or higher should put the line `android:sharedUserMaxSdkVersion="32"` in their manifest. This entry prevents new users from getting a shared UID. For further information on UIDs, see App signing.
  • Android 13 added support Keystore symmetric cryptographic primitives such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), HMAC (Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code), and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms (including Elliptic Curve, RSA2048, RSA4096, and Curve 25519)
  • Android 13 (API level 33) and higher supports a runtime permission for sending non-exempt notifications from an app. This gives users control over which permission notifications they see.
  • Added per-use prompt for apps requesting access to all device logs, giving users the ability to allow or deny access.
  • introduced the Android Virtualization Framework (AVF), which brings together different hypervisors under one framework with standardized APIs. It provides secure and private execution environments for executing workloads isolated by hypervisor.
  • Introduced APK signature scheme v3.1 All new key rotations that use apksigner use the v3.1 signature scheme by default to target rotation for Android 13 and higher.

Check out our full AOSP release notes and the Android Developer features and changes list.

Android 12

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 12:

  • Android 12 introduces the BiometricManager.Strings API, which provides localized strings for apps that use BiometricPrompt for authentication. These strings are intended to be device-aware and provide more specificity about which authentication types might be used. Android 12 also includes support for under-display fingerprint sensors
  • Support added for under-display fingerprint sensors
  • Introduction of the Fingerprint Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)
  • Support for new Face AIDL
  • Introduction of Rust as a language for platform development
  • The option for users to grant access only to their approximate location added
  • Added Privacy indicators on the status bar when an app is using the camera or microphone
  • Android's Private Compute Core (PCC)
  • Added an option to disable 2G support

Android 11

Her Android sürümü, kullanıcıları korumak için onlarca güvenlik geliştirmesi içerir. Android 11'de sunulan önemli güvenlik geliştirmelerinden bazılarının listesi için Android Sürüm Notları'na bakın.

Android 10

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Android 10 includes several security and privacy enhancements. See the Android 10 release notes for a complete list of changes in Android 10.

Security

BoundsSanitizer

Android 10 deploys BoundsSanitizer (BoundSan) in Bluetooth and codecs. BoundSan uses UBSan's bounds sanitizer. This mitigation is enabled on a per-module level. It helps keep critical components of Android secure and shouldn't be disabled. BoundSan is enabled in the following codecs:

  • libFLAC
  • libavcdec
  • libavcenc
  • libhevcdec
  • libmpeg2
  • libopus
  • libvpx
  • libspeexresampler
  • libvorbisidec
  • libaac
  • libxaac

Execute-only memory

By default, executable code sections for AArch64 system binaries are marked execute-only (nonreadable) as a hardening mitigation against just-in-time code reuse attacks. Code that mixes data and code together and code that purposefully inspects these sections (without first remapping the memory segments as readable) no longer functions. Apps with a target SDK of Android 10 (API level 29 or higher) are impacted if the app attempts to read code sections of execute-only memory (XOM) enabled system libraries in memory without first marking the section as readable.

Extended access

Trust agents, the underlying mechanism used by tertiary authentication mechanisms such as Smart Lock, can only extend unlock in Android 10. Trust agents can no longer unlock a locked device and can only keep a device unlocked for a maximum of four hours.

Face authentication

Face authentication allows users to unlock their device simply by looking at the front of their device. Android 10 adds support for a new face authentication stack that can securely process camera frames, preserving security and privacy during face authentication on supported hardware. Android 10 also provides an easy way for security-compliant implementations to enable app integration for transactions such as online banking or other services.

Integer Overflow Sanitization

Android 10 enables Integer Overflow Sanitization (IntSan) in software codecs. Ensure that playback performance is acceptable for any codecs that aren't supported in the device's hardware. IntSan is enabled in the following codecs:

  • libFLAC
  • libavcdec
  • libavcenc
  • libhevcdec
  • libmpeg2
  • libopus
  • libvpx
  • libspeexresampler
  • libvorbisidec

Modular system components

Android 10 modularizes some Android system components and enables them to be updated outside of the normal Android release cycle. Some modules include:

OEMCrypto

Android 10 uses OEMCrypto API version 15.

Scudo

Scudo is a dynamic user-mode memory allocator designed to be more resilient against heap-related vulnerabilities. It provides the standard C allocation and deallocation primitives, as well as the C++ primitives.

ShadowCallStack

ShadowCallStack (SCS) is an LLVM instrumentation mode that protects against return address overwrites (like stack buffer overflows) by saving a function's return address to a separately allocated ShadowCallStack instance in the function prolog of nonleaf functions and loading the return address from the ShadowCallStack instance in the function epilog.

WPA3 and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open

Android 10 adds support for the Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3) and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open security standards to provide better privacy and robustness against known attacks.

Privacy

App access when targeting Android 9 or lower

If your app runs on Android 10 or higher but targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the platform applies the following behavior:

  • If your app declares a <uses-permission> element for either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds a <uses-permission> element for ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION during installation.
  • If your app requests either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION to the request.

Background activity restrictions

Starting in Android 10, the system places restrictions on starting activities from the background. This behavior change helps minimize interruptions for the user and keeps the user more in control of what's shown on their screen. As long as your app starts activities as a direct result of user interaction, your app most likely isn't affected by these restrictions.
To learn more about the recommended alternative to starting activities from the background, see the guide on how to alert users of time-sensitive events in your app.

Camera metadata

Android 10 changes the breadth of information that the getCameraCharacteristics() method returns by default. In particular, your app must have the CAMERA permission in order to access potentially device-specific metadata that is included in this method's return value.
To learn more about these changes, see the section about camera fields that require permission.

Clipboard data

Unless your app is the default input method editor (IME) or is the app that currently has focus, your app cannot access clipboard data on Android 10 or higher.

Device location

To support the additional control that users have over an app's access to location information, Android 10 introduces the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission.
Unlike the ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION and ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION permissions, the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission only affects an app's access to location when it runs in the background. An app is considered to be accessing location in the background unless one of the following conditions is satisfied:

  • An activity belonging to the app is visible.
  • The app is running a foreground service that has declared a foreground service type of location.
    To declare the foreground service type for a service in your app, set your app's targetSdkVersion or compileSdkVersion to 29 or higher. Learn more about how foreground services can continue user-initiated actions that require access to location.

External storage

By default, apps targeting Android 10 and higher are given scoped access into external storage, or scoped storage. Such apps can see the following types of files within an external storage device without needing to request any storage-related user permissions:

To learn more about scoped storage, as well as how to share, access, and modify files that are saved on external storage devices, see the guides on how to manage files in external storage and access and modify media files.

MAC address randomization

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, the system transmits randomized MAC addresses by default.
If your app handles an enterprise use case, the platform provides APIs for several operations related to MAC addresses:

  • Obtain randomized MAC address: Device owner apps and profile owner apps can retrieve the randomized MAC address assigned to a specific network by calling getRandomizedMacAddress().
  • Obtain actual, factory MAC address: Device owner apps can retrieve a device's actual hardware MAC address by calling getWifiMacAddress(). This method is useful for tracking fleets of devices.

Non-resettable device identifiers

Starting in Android 10, apps must have the READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE privileged permission in order to access the device's non-resettable identifiers, which include both IMEI and serial number.

If your app doesn't have the permission and you try asking for information about non-resettable identifiers anyway, the platform's response varies based on target SDK version:

  • If your app targets Android 10 or higher, a SecurityException occurs.
  • If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the method returns null or placeholder data if the app has the READ_PHONE_STATE permission. Otherwise, a SecurityException occurs.

Physical activity recognition

Android 10 introduces the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION runtime permission for apps that need to detect the user's step count or classify the user's physical activity, such as walking, biking, or moving in a vehicle. This is designed to give users visibility of how device sensor data is used in Settings.
Some libraries within Google Play services, such as the Activity Recognition API and the Google Fit API, don't provide results unless the user has granted your app this permission.
The only built-in sensors on the device that require you to declare this permission are the step counter and step detector sensors.
If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the system auto-grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission to your app, as needed, if your app satisfies each of the following conditions:

  • The manifest file includes the com.google.android.gms.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.
  • The manifest file doesn't include the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.

If the system-auto grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission, your app retains the permission after you update your app to target Android 10. However, the user can revoke this permission at any time in system settings.

/proc/net filesystem restrictions

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, apps cannot access /proc/net, which includes information about a device's network state. Apps that need access to this information, such as VPNs, should use the NetworkStatsManager or ConnectivityManager class.

Permission groups removed from UI

As of Android 10, apps cannot look up how permissions are grouped in the UI.

Removal of contacts affinity

Starting in Android 10, the platform doesn't keep track of contacts affinity information. As a result, if your app conducts a search on the user's contacts, the results aren't ordered by frequency of interaction.
The guide about ContactsProvider contains a notice describing the specific fields and methods that are obsolete on all devices starting in Android 10.

Restricted access to screen contents

To protect users' screen contents, Android 10 prevents silent access to the device's screen contents by changing the scope of the READ_FRAME_BUFFER, CAPTURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT, and CAPTURE_SECURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT permissions. As of Android 10, these permissions are signature-access only.
Apps that need to access the device's screen contents should use the MediaProjection API, which displays a prompt asking the user to provide consent.

USB device serial number

If your app targets Android 10 or higher, your app cannot read the serial number until the user has granted your app permission to access the USB device or accessory.
To learn more about working with USB devices, see the guide on how to configure USB hosts.

Wi-Fi

Apps targeting Android 10 or higher cannot enable or disable Wi-Fi. The WifiManager.setWifiEnabled() method always returns false.
If you need to prompt users to enable and disable Wi-Fi, use a settings panel.

Restrictions on direct access to configured Wi-Fi networks

To protect user privacy, manual configuration of the list of Wi-Fi networks is restricted to system apps and device policy controllers (DPCs). A given DPC can be either the device owner or the profile owner.
If your app targets Android 10 or higher, and it isn't a system app or a DPC, then the following methods don't return useful data:

Android 9

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. For a list of some of the major security enhancements available in Android 9, see the Android Release Notes.

Android 8

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 8.0:

  • Encryption. Added support to evict key in work profile.
  • Verified Boot. Added Android Verified Boot (AVB). Verified Boot codebase supporting rollback protection for use in boot loaders added to AOSP. Recommend bootloader support for rollback protection for the HLOS. Recommend boot loaders can only be unlocked by user physically interacting with the device.
  • Lock screen. Added support for using tamper-resistant hardware to verify lock screen credential.
  • KeyStore. Required key attestation for all devices that ship with Android 8.0+. Added ID attestation support to improve Zero Touch Enrollment.
  • Sandboxing. More tightly sandboxed many components using Project Treble's standard interface between framework and device-specific components. Applied seccomp filtering to all untrusted apps to reduce the kernel's attack surface. WebView is now run in an isolated process with very limited access to the rest of the system.
  • Kernel hardening. Implemented hardened usercopy, PAN emulation, read-only after init, and KASLR.
  • Userspace hardening. Implemented CFI for the media stack. App overlays can no longer cover system-critical windows and users have a way to dismiss them.
  • Streaming OS update. Enabled updates on devices that are are low on disk space.
  • Install unknown apps. Users must grant permission to install apps from a source that isn't a first-party app store.
  • Privacy. Android ID (SSAID) has a different value for each app and each user on the device. For web browser apps, Widevine Client ID returns a different value for each app package name and web origin. net.hostname is now empty and the dhcp client no longer sends a hostname. android.os.Build.SERIAL has been replaced with the Build.SERIAL API which is protected behind a user-controlled permission. Improved MAC address randomization in some chipsets.

Android 7

Her Android sürümü, kullanıcıları korumak için onlarca güvenlik geliştirmesi içerir. Android 7.0'daki önemli güvenlik geliştirmelerinden bazıları şunlardır:

  • Dosya tabanlı şifreleme. Depolama alanının tamamını tek bir birim olarak şifrelemek yerine dosya düzeyinde şifreleme yapmak, cihazdaki kullanıcıları ve profilleri (ör. kişisel ve iş) daha iyi ayırır ve korur.
  • Doğrudan Önyükleme. Dosya tabanlı şifreleme ile etkinleştirilen Doğrudan Başlatma, cihaz açıkken ancak kilidi açılmamışken çalar saat ve erişilebilirlik özellikleri gibi belirli uygulamaların çalışmasına olanak tanır.
  • Doğrulanmış Başlatma. Güvenilir Başlatma, güvenliği ihlal edilmiş cihazların başlatılmasını önlemek için artık katı bir şekilde uygulanmaktadır. Kötü amaçlı olmayan veri bozulmalarına karşı güvenilirliği artırmak için hata düzeltmeyi destekler.
  • SELinux. Güncellenen SELinux yapılandırması ve artan seccomp kapsamı, uygulama korumalı alanını daha da kilitler ve saldırı yüzeyini azaltır.
  • Kitaplık yükleme sırasının rastgele belirlenmesi ve geliştirilmiş ASLR. Artan rastgelelik, bazı kod yeniden kullanma saldırılarının güvenilirliğini azaltır.
  • Çekirdek güçlendirme. Çekirdek belleğinin bölümlerini salt okunur olarak işaretleyerek, çekirdeğin kullanıcı alanı adreslerine erişimini kısıtlayarak ve mevcut saldırı yüzeyini daha da azaltarak yeni çekirdekler için ek bellek koruması eklendi.
  • APK imza şeması v2. Doğrulama hızını artıran ve bütünlük garantilerini güçlendiren bir dosya tamamı imza şeması kullanıma sunuldu.
  • Güvenilir CA mağazası. Uygulamaların güvenli ağ trafiğine erişimini kontrol etmesini kolaylaştırmak için API düzeyi 24 ve sonraki sürümleri hedefleyen uygulamalarda, kullanıcı tarafından yüklenen sertifika yetkililerine ve Cihaz Yöneticisi API'leri aracılığıyla yüklenen sertifika yetkililerine artık varsayılan olarak güvenilmez. Ayrıca, tüm yeni Android cihazlar aynı güvenilir CA mağazasıyla birlikte gönderilmelidir.
  • Ağ Güvenliği Yapılandırması'nı seçin. Ağ güvenliğini ve TLS'yi açıklayıcı bir yapılandırma dosyası aracılığıyla yapılandırın.

Android 6

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十种用于保护用户的安全增强功能。以下是 Android 6.0 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能：

  • 运行时权限：应用在运行时请求权限，而不是在安装时被授予权限。用户可以为 M 及更低版本的 Android 应用启用和停用权限。
  • 验证启动：在执行系统软件之前，先对其进行一系列加密检查，以确保手机从引导加载程序到操作系统均处于正常状况。
  • 硬件隔离安全措施：新的硬件抽象层 (HAL)，Fingerprint API、锁定屏幕、设备加密功能和客户端证书可以利用它来保护密钥免遭内核入侵和/或现场攻击。
  • 指纹：现在，只需触摸一下，即可解锁设备。开发者还可以借助新的 API 来使用指纹锁定和解锁加密密钥。
  • 加装 SD 卡：可将移动媒体设备加装到设备上，以便扩展可用存储空间来存放本地应用数据、照片、视频等内容，但仍受块级加密保护。
  • 明文流量：开发者可以使用新的 StrictMode 来确保其应用不会使用明文。
  • 系统加固：通过由 SELinux 强制执行的政策对系统进行加固。这可以实现更好的用户隔离和 IOCTL 过滤、降低可从设备/系统之外访问的服务面临的威胁、进一步强化 SELinux 域，以及高度限制对 /proc 的访问。
  • USB 访问控制：必须由用户确认是否允许通过 USB 访问手机上的文件、存储空间或其他功能。现在，默认设置是“仅充电”，如果要访问存储空间，必须获得用户的明确许可。

Android 5

5,0

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 5.0:

  • Encrypted by default. On devices that ship with L out-of-the-box, full disk encryption is enabled by default to improve protection of data on lost or stolen devices. Devices that update to L can be encrypted in Settings > Security .
  • Improved full disk encryption. The user password is protected against brute-force attacks using scrypt and, where available, the key is bound to the hardware keystore to prevent off-device attacks. As always, the Android screen lock secret and the device encryption key are not sent off the device or exposed to any application.
  • Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux . Android now requires SELinux in enforcing mode for all domains. SELinux is a mandatory access control (MAC) system in the Linux kernel used to augment the existing discretionary access control (DAC) security model. This new layer provides additional protection against potential security vulnerabilities.
  • Smart Lock. Android now includes trustlets that provide more flexibility for unlocking devices. For example, trustlets can allow devices to be unlocked automatically when close to another trusted device (through NFC, Bluetooth) or being used by someone with a trusted face.
  • Multi user, restricted profile, and guest modes for phones and tablets. Android now provides for multiple users on phones and includes a guest mode that can be used to provide easy temporary access to your device without granting access to your data and apps.
  • Updates to WebView without OTA. WebView can now be updated independent of the framework and without a system OTA. This allows for faster response to potential security issues in WebView.
  • Updated cryptography for HTTPS and TLS/SSL. TLSv1.2 and TLSv1.1 is now enabled, Forward Secrecy is now preferred, AES-GCM is now enabled, and weak cipher suites (MD5, 3DES, and export cipher suites) are now disabled. See https://developer.android.com/reference/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocket.html for more details.
  • non-PIE linker support removed. Android now requires all dynamically linked executables to support PIE (position-independent executables). This enhances Android's address space layout randomization (ASLR) implementation.
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE improvements. The following libc functions now implement FORTIFY_SOURCE protections: stpcpy(), stpncpy(), read(), recvfrom(), FD_CLR(), FD_SET(), and FD_ISSET(). This provides protection against memory-corruption vulnerabilities involving those functions.
  • Security Fixes. Android 5.0 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members, and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Android 4 ve önceki sürümler

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements available in Android 4.4:

  • Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux. Android now uses SELinux in enforcing mode. SELinux is a mandatory access control (MAC) system in the Linux kernel used to augment the existing discretionary access control (DAC) based security model. This provides additional protection against potential security vulnerabilities.
  • Per User VPN. On multi-user devices, VPNs are now applied per user. This can allow a user to route all network traffic through a VPN without affecting other users on the device.
  • ECDSA Provider support in AndroidKeyStore. Android now has a keystore provider that allows use of ECDSA and DSA algorithms.
  • Device Monitoring Warnings. Android provides users with a warning if any certificate has been added to the device certificate store that could allow monitoring of encrypted network traffic.
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE. Android now supports FORTIFY_SOURCE level 2, and all code is compiled with these protections. FORTIFY_SOURCE has been enhanced to work with clang.
  • Certificate Pinning. Android 4.4 detects and prevents the use of fraudulent Google certificates used in secure SSL/TLS communications.
  • Security Fixes. Android 4.4 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Her Android sürümü, kullanıcıları korumak için onlarca güvenlik geliştirmesi içerir. Android 4.3'teki güvenlik geliştirmelerinden bazıları şunlardır:

  • SELinux ile güçlendirilmiş Android korumalı alanı. Bu sürüm, Linux çekirdeğinde SELinux zorunlu erişim denetimi sistemini (MAC) kullanarak Android korumalı alanını güçlendirir. SELinux güçlendirmesi, kullanıcılar ve geliştiriciler tarafından görülmez. Mevcut Android güvenlik modeline sağlamlık katarken mevcut uygulamalarla uyumluluğu korur. Bu sürüm, uyumluluğun devamını sağlamak için SELinux'un izin verici modda kullanılmasına izin verir. Bu mod, tüm politika ihlallerini günlüğe kaydeder ancak uygulamaları bozmaz veya sistem davranışını etkilemez.
  • setuid veya setgid programları yok. Android sistem dosyalarına dosya sistemi özellikleri desteği eklendi ve tüm setuid veya setgid programları kaldırıldı. Bu, kök saldırı yüzeyini ve olası güvenlik açıklarının ortaya çıkma olasılığını azaltır.
  • ADB kimlik doğrulaması. Android 4.2.2'den itibaren ADB bağlantılarında RSA anahtar çiftiyle kimlik doğrulaması yapılır. Bu, saldırganın cihaza fiziksel erişimi olduğu durumlarda ADB'nin yetkisiz kullanımını önler.
  • Android uygulamalarından Setuid'i kısıtlayın. /system bölümü artık zygote tarafından oluşturulan işlemler için nosuid olarak monte edilir. Bu durum, Android uygulamalarının setuid programlarını çalıştırmasını engeller. Bu sayede, kök saldırı yüzeyi ve olası güvenlik açıklarının ortaya çıkma olasılığı azalır.
  • Kapasite sınırlaması. Android zygote ve ADB artık uygulamaları yürütmeden önce gereksiz özellikleri bırakmak için prctl(PR_CAPBSET_DROP) kullanıyor. Bu, Android uygulamalarının ve kabuktan başlatılan uygulamaların ayrıcalıklı özellikler edinmesini engeller.
  • AndroidKeyStore Sağlayıcısı. Android'de artık uygulamaların özel kullanım anahtarları oluşturmasına olanak tanıyan bir anahtar deposu sağlayıcısı var. Bu sayede uygulamalar, diğer uygulamalar tarafından kullanılamayan özel anahtarlar oluşturmak veya depolamak için bir API'ye sahip olur.
  • Anahtar Zinciri isBoundKeyAlgorithm. Anahtar Zinciri API'si artık uygulamaların sistem genelindeki anahtarların cihazın donanım kök güven kaynağına bağlı olduğunu doğrulamasına olanak tanıyan bir yöntem (isBoundKeyType) sağlıyor. Bu sayede, kök erişimi ihlal edilmiş olsa bile cihazdan dışa aktarılamayan özel anahtarlar oluşturabilir veya saklayabilirsiniz.
  • NO_NEW_PRIVS. Android zygote artık uygulama kodu yürütülmeden önce yeni ayrıcalıkların eklenmesini engellemek için prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS) kullanıyor. Bu, Android uygulamalarının execve aracılığıyla ayrıcalıkları artırabilecek işlemleri gerçekleştirmesini engeller. (Bu işlem için Linux çekirdeği 3.5 veya daha yeni bir sürüm gerekir).
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE geliştirmeleri. Android x86 ve MIPS'te FORTIFY_SOURCE etkinleştirildi ve strchr(), strrchr(), strlen() ve umask() çağrıları güçlendirildi. Bu, olası bellek bozulması güvenlik açıklarını veya sonlandırılmamış dize sabitlerini algılayabilir.
  • Taşıma korumaları. Statik olarak bağlanmış yürütülebilir dosyalar için salt okunur taşıma işlemlerini (relro) etkinleştirdi ve Android kodundaki tüm metin taşıma işlemlerini kaldırdı. Bu sayede, olası bellek bozulması güvenlik açıklarına karşı derinlemesine savunma sağlanır.
  • İyileştirilmiş EntropyMixer. EntropyMixer artık periyodik karıştırmaya ek olarak kapatma veya yeniden başlatma sırasında da entropi yazar. Bu sayede, cihazlar açıkken oluşturulan tüm entropi saklanabilir. Bu özellik, özellikle de temel hazırlığı yapıldıktan hemen sonra yeniden başlatılan cihazlar için yararlıdır.
  • Güvenlik düzeltmeleri. Android 4.3, Android'e özgü güvenlik açıklarına yönelik düzeltmeler de içerir. Bu güvenlik açıkları hakkında bilgiler Open Handset Alliance üyelerine sağlanmıştır ve düzeltmeler Android Açık Kaynak Projesi'nde mevcuttur. Android'in önceki sürümlerine sahip bazı cihazlarda da güvenlik iyileştirmesi amacıyla bu düzeltmeler bulunabilir.

Android 提供了一个多层安全模型，Android 安全性概述中对该模型进行了介绍。每个 Android 更新版本中都包含数十项用于保护用户的安全增强功能。 以下是 Android 4.2 中引入的一些安全增强功能：

  • 应用验证：用户可以选择启用“验证应用”，并且可以选择在安装应用之前由应用验证程序对应用进行筛查。如果用户尝试安装的应用可能有害，应用验证功能可以提醒用户；如果应用的危害性非常大，应用验证功能可以阻止安装。
  • 加强对付费短信的控制：如果有应用尝试向使用付费服务的短号码发送短信（可能会产生额外的费用），Android 将会通知用户。用户可以选择是允许还是阻止该应用发送短信。
  • 始终开启的 VPN：可以配置 VPN，以确保在建立 VPN 连接之前应用无法访问网络。这有助于防止应用跨其他网络发送数据。
  • 证书锁定：Android 的核心库现在支持证书锁定。如果证书未关联到一组应关联的证书，锁定的域将会收到证书验证失败消息。这有助于保护证书授权机构免遭可能的入侵。
  • 改进后的 Android 权限显示方式：权限划分到了多个对用户来说更清晰明了的组中。在审核权限时，用户可以点击权限来查看关于相应权限的更多详细信息。
  • installd 安全强化：installd 守护程序不会以 root 用户身份运行，这样可以缩小 root 提权攻击的潜在攻击面。
  • init 脚本安全强化：init 脚本现在会应用 O_NOFOLLOW 语义来防范与符号链接相关的攻击。
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE：Android 现在会实现 FORTIFY_SOURCE，以供系统库和应用用于防范内存损坏。
  • ContentProvider 默认配置：默认情况下，对于每个 content provider，以 API 级别 17 为目标的应用都会将 export 设为 false，以缩小应用的默认受攻击面。
  • 加密：修改了 SecureRandom 和 Cipher.RSA 的默认实现，以便使用 OpenSSL。为使用 OpenSSL 1.0.1 的 TLSv1.1 和 TLSv1.2 添加了安全套接字支持
  • 安全漏洞修复程序：升级了开放源代码库，在其中新增了一些安全漏洞修复程序，其中包括 WebKit、libpng、OpenSSL 和 LibXML。Android 4.2 中还包含针对 Android 特有漏洞的修复程序。有关这些漏洞的信息已提供给“开放手机联盟”(Open Handset Alliance) 成员，并且 Android 开放源代码项目中提供了相应的修复程序。为了提高安全性，部分搭载更低版本 Android 系统的设备可能也会包含这些修复程序。

Android, Android Güvenlik'e Genel Bakış bölümünde açıklanan çok katmanlı bir güvenlik modeli sunar. Android'deki her güncelleme, kullanıcıları korumak için onlarca güvenlik iyileştirmesi içerir. Android 1.5 ile 4.1 sürümlerinde kullanıma sunulan güvenlik geliştirmelerinden bazıları şunlardır:

Android 1.5
  • Yığın arabelleğinin taşmasını önlemek için ProPolice (-fstack-protector)
  • Tam sayı taşmalarını azaltmak için safe_iop
  • Çift free() güvenlik açıklarını ve parça birleştirme saldırılarını önlemek için OpenBSD dlmalloc'a eklenen uzantılar. Öğe birleştirme saldırıları, yığın bozulmasından yararlanmanın yaygın bir yoludur.
  • Bellek ayırma sırasında tam sayı taşmalarını önlemek için OpenBSD calloc
Android 2.3
  • Biçim dizesi güvenlik açıklarına karşı korumalar (-Wformat-security -Werror=format-security)
  • Yığın ve yığınta kod yürütmeyi önlemek için donanım tabanlı No eXecute (NX)
  • Boş işaretçi referans verme ayrıcalık yükseltmesini azaltmak için Linux mmap_min_addr (Android 4.1'de daha da geliştirildi)
Android 4.0
Bellekteki anahtar konumları rastgele hale getirmek için adres alanı düzeni rastgeleleştirme (ASLR)
Android 4.1
  • PIE (Konumdan Bağımsız Yürütülebilir) desteği
  • Salt okunur taşımalar / anında bağlama (-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now)
  • dmesg_restrict etkin (çekirdek adreslerinin sızmasını önler)
  • kptr_restrict etkin (çekirdek adreslerinin sızmasını önler)