安全增强功能

Android 一直在不断改进其安全功能和产品/服务。您可以在左侧导航栏中查看各个版本的增强功能列表。

Android 14

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 14:

  • Hardware-assisted AddressSanitizer (HWASan), introduced in Android 10, is a memory error detection tool similar to AddressSanitizer. Android 14 brings significant improvements to HWASan. Learn how it helps prevent bugs from making it into Android releases, HWAddressSanitizer
  • In Android 14, starting with apps that share location data with third-parties, the system runtime permission dialog now includes a clickable section that highlights the app's data-sharing practices, including information such as why an app may decide to share data with third parties.
  • Android 12 introduced an option to disable 2G support at the modem level, which protects users from the inherent security risk from 2G's obsolete security model. Recognizing how critical disabling 2G could be for enterprise customers, Android 14 enables this security feature in Android Enterprise, introducing support for IT admins to restrict the ability of a managed device to downgrade to 2G connectivity.
  • Added support to reject null-ciphered cellular connections, ensuring that circuit-switched voice and SMS traffic is always encrypted and protected from passive over-the-air interception. Learn more about Android's program to harden cellular connectivity.
  • Added support for multiple IMEIs
  • Since Android 14, AES-HCTR2 is the preferred mode of filenames encryption for devices with accelerated cryptography instructions.
  • Cellular connectivity
  • Documentation added for Android Safety Center
  • If your app targets Android 14 and uses Dynamic Code Loading (DCL), all dynamically-loaded files must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws an exception. We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.

Check out our full AOSP release notes and the Android Developer features and changes list.

Android 13

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十种用于保护用户的安全增强功能。以下是 Android 13 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能：

  • Android 13 添加了对多文档呈现的支持。 通过这个新的 Presentation Session 接口，应用可以执行多文档呈现，而现有 API 无法做到这一点。如需了解详情，请参阅身份凭据
  • 在 Android 13 中，当且仅当源自外部应用的 intent 与其声明的 intent 过滤器元素匹配时，这些 intent 才会传送到导出的组件。
  • Open Mobile API (OMAPI) 是一种标准 API，用于与设备的安全元件进行通信。在 Android 13 之前，只有应用和框架模块可以访问此接口。通过将其转换为供应商稳定版接口，HAL 模块还能够通过 OMAPI 服务与安全元件进行通信。 如需了解详情，请参阅 OMAPI 供应商稳定版接口。
  • 从 Android 13-QPR 开始，共享 UID 被废弃。 使用 Android 13 或更高版本的用户应在其清单中添加 `android:sharedUserMaxSdkVersion="32"` 行。此条目可防止新用户获取共享 UID。如需详细了解 UID，请参阅应用签名。
  • Android 13 添加了对密钥库对称加密基元的支持，例如支持 AES（高级加密标准）、HMAC（密钥哈希消息认证码）以及非对称加密算法（包括椭圆曲线加密、RSA2048、RSA4096 和曲线 25519 加密）
  • Android 13（API 级别 33）及更高版本支持用于从应用发送非豁免通知的运行时权限。这可让用户控制他们会看到哪些权限通知。
  • 针对请求访问所有设备日志的应用，添加了在每次使用时显示提示的功能，以便用户允许或拒绝授予访问权限。
  • 推出了 Android 虚拟化框架 (AVF)，它使用标准化 API 将不同的 Hypervisor 整合到一个框架下。 它提供安全、私密的执行环境，以便执行通过 Hypervisor 隔离的工作负载。
  • 引入了 APK 签名方案 v3.1 所有使用 apksigner 的新密钥轮替都将默认使用 v3.1 签名方案，以便将 Android 13 及更高版本作为轮替目标。

请查看完整的 AOSP 版本说明以及 Android 开发者功能和变更列表。

Android 12

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 12:

  • Android 12 introduces the BiometricManager.Strings API, which provides localized strings for apps that use BiometricPrompt for authentication. These strings are intended to be device-aware and provide more specificity about which authentication types might be used. Android 12 also includes support for under-display fingerprint sensors
  • Support added for under-display fingerprint sensors
  • Introduction of the Fingerprint Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)
  • Support for new Face AIDL
  • Introduction of Rust as a language for platform development
  • The option for users to grant access only to their approximate location added
  • Added Privacy indicators on the status bar when an app is using the camera or microphone
  • Android's Private Compute Core (PCC)
  • Added an option to disable 2G support

Android 11

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十项用于保护用户的安全增强功能。如需查看 Android 11 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能的列表，请参阅 Android 版本说明。

Android 10

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Android 10 includes several security and privacy enhancements. See the Android 10 release notes for a complete list of changes in Android 10.

Security

BoundsSanitizer

Android 10 deploys BoundsSanitizer (BoundSan) in Bluetooth and codecs. BoundSan uses UBSan's bounds sanitizer. This mitigation is enabled on a per-module level. It helps keep critical components of Android secure and shouldn't be disabled. BoundSan is enabled in the following codecs:

  • libFLAC
  • libavcdec
  • libavcenc
  • libhevcdec
  • libmpeg2
  • libopus
  • libvpx
  • libspeexresampler
  • libvorbisidec
  • libaac
  • libxaac

Execute-only memory

By default, executable code sections for AArch64 system binaries are marked execute-only (nonreadable) as a hardening mitigation against just-in-time code reuse attacks. Code that mixes data and code together and code that purposefully inspects these sections (without first remapping the memory segments as readable) no longer functions. Apps with a target SDK of Android 10 (API level 29 or higher) are impacted if the app attempts to read code sections of execute-only memory (XOM) enabled system libraries in memory without first marking the section as readable.

Extended access

Trust agents, the underlying mechanism used by tertiary authentication mechanisms such as Smart Lock, can only extend unlock in Android 10. Trust agents can no longer unlock a locked device and can only keep a device unlocked for a maximum of four hours.

Face authentication

Face authentication allows users to unlock their device simply by looking at the front of their device. Android 10 adds support for a new face authentication stack that can securely process camera frames, preserving security and privacy during face authentication on supported hardware. Android 10 also provides an easy way for security-compliant implementations to enable app integration for transactions such as online banking or other services.

Integer Overflow Sanitization

Android 10 enables Integer Overflow Sanitization (IntSan) in software codecs. Ensure that playback performance is acceptable for any codecs that aren't supported in the device's hardware. IntSan is enabled in the following codecs:

  • libFLAC
  • libavcdec
  • libavcenc
  • libhevcdec
  • libmpeg2
  • libopus
  • libvpx
  • libspeexresampler
  • libvorbisidec

Modular system components

Android 10 modularizes some Android system components and enables them to be updated outside of the normal Android release cycle. Some modules include:

OEMCrypto

Android 10 uses OEMCrypto API version 15.

Scudo

Scudo is a dynamic user-mode memory allocator designed to be more resilient against heap-related vulnerabilities. It provides the standard C allocation and deallocation primitives, as well as the C++ primitives.

ShadowCallStack

ShadowCallStack (SCS) is an LLVM instrumentation mode that protects against return address overwrites (like stack buffer overflows) by saving a function's return address to a separately allocated ShadowCallStack instance in the function prolog of nonleaf functions and loading the return address from the ShadowCallStack instance in the function epilog.

WPA3 and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open

Android 10 adds support for the Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3) and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open security standards to provide better privacy and robustness against known attacks.

Privacy

App access when targeting Android 9 or lower

If your app runs on Android 10 or higher but targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the platform applies the following behavior:

  • If your app declares a <uses-permission> element for either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds a <uses-permission> element for ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION during installation.
  • If your app requests either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION to the request.

Background activity restrictions

Starting in Android 10, the system places restrictions on starting activities from the background. This behavior change helps minimize interruptions for the user and keeps the user more in control of what's shown on their screen. As long as your app starts activities as a direct result of user interaction, your app most likely isn't affected by these restrictions.
To learn more about the recommended alternative to starting activities from the background, see the guide on how to alert users of time-sensitive events in your app.

Camera metadata

Android 10 changes the breadth of information that the getCameraCharacteristics() method returns by default. In particular, your app must have the CAMERA permission in order to access potentially device-specific metadata that is included in this method's return value.
To learn more about these changes, see the section about camera fields that require permission.

Clipboard data

Unless your app is the default input method editor (IME) or is the app that currently has focus, your app cannot access clipboard data on Android 10 or higher.

Device location

To support the additional control that users have over an app's access to location information, Android 10 introduces the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission.
Unlike the ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION and ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION permissions, the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission only affects an app's access to location when it runs in the background. An app is considered to be accessing location in the background unless one of the following conditions is satisfied:

  • An activity belonging to the app is visible.
  • The app is running a foreground service that has declared a foreground service type of location.
    To declare the foreground service type for a service in your app, set your app's targetSdkVersion or compileSdkVersion to 29 or higher. Learn more about how foreground services can continue user-initiated actions that require access to location.

External storage

By default, apps targeting Android 10 and higher are given scoped access into external storage, or scoped storage. Such apps can see the following types of files within an external storage device without needing to request any storage-related user permissions:

To learn more about scoped storage, as well as how to share, access, and modify files that are saved on external storage devices, see the guides on how to manage files in external storage and access and modify media files.

MAC address randomization

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, the system transmits randomized MAC addresses by default.
If your app handles an enterprise use case, the platform provides APIs for several operations related to MAC addresses:

  • Obtain randomized MAC address: Device owner apps and profile owner apps can retrieve the randomized MAC address assigned to a specific network by calling getRandomizedMacAddress().
  • Obtain actual, factory MAC address: Device owner apps can retrieve a device's actual hardware MAC address by calling getWifiMacAddress(). This method is useful for tracking fleets of devices.

Non-resettable device identifiers

Starting in Android 10, apps must have the READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE privileged permission in order to access the device's non-resettable identifiers, which include both IMEI and serial number.

If your app doesn't have the permission and you try asking for information about non-resettable identifiers anyway, the platform's response varies based on target SDK version:

  • If your app targets Android 10 or higher, a SecurityException occurs.
  • If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the method returns null or placeholder data if the app has the READ_PHONE_STATE permission. Otherwise, a SecurityException occurs.

Physical activity recognition

Android 10 introduces the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION runtime permission for apps that need to detect the user's step count or classify the user's physical activity, such as walking, biking, or moving in a vehicle. This is designed to give users visibility of how device sensor data is used in Settings.
Some libraries within Google Play services, such as the Activity Recognition API and the Google Fit API, don't provide results unless the user has granted your app this permission.
The only built-in sensors on the device that require you to declare this permission are the step counter and step detector sensors.
If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the system auto-grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission to your app, as needed, if your app satisfies each of the following conditions:

  • The manifest file includes the com.google.android.gms.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.
  • The manifest file doesn't include the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.

If the system-auto grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission, your app retains the permission after you update your app to target Android 10. However, the user can revoke this permission at any time in system settings.

/proc/net filesystem restrictions

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, apps cannot access /proc/net, which includes information about a device's network state. Apps that need access to this information, such as VPNs, should use the NetworkStatsManager or ConnectivityManager class.

Permission groups removed from UI

As of Android 10, apps cannot look up how permissions are grouped in the UI.

Removal of contacts affinity

Starting in Android 10, the platform doesn't keep track of contacts affinity information. As a result, if your app conducts a search on the user's contacts, the results aren't ordered by frequency of interaction.
The guide about ContactsProvider contains a notice describing the specific fields and methods that are obsolete on all devices starting in Android 10.

Restricted access to screen contents

To protect users' screen contents, Android 10 prevents silent access to the device's screen contents by changing the scope of the READ_FRAME_BUFFER, CAPTURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT, and CAPTURE_SECURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT permissions. As of Android 10, these permissions are signature-access only.
Apps that need to access the device's screen contents should use the MediaProjection API, which displays a prompt asking the user to provide consent.

USB device serial number

If your app targets Android 10 or higher, your app cannot read the serial number until the user has granted your app permission to access the USB device or accessory.
To learn more about working with USB devices, see the guide on how to configure USB hosts.

Wi-Fi

Apps targeting Android 10 or higher cannot enable or disable Wi-Fi. The WifiManager.setWifiEnabled() method always returns false.
If you need to prompt users to enable and disable Wi-Fi, use a settings panel.

Restrictions on direct access to configured Wi-Fi networks

To protect user privacy, manual configuration of the list of Wi-Fi networks is restricted to system apps and device policy controllers (DPCs). A given DPC can be either the device owner or the profile owner.
If your app targets Android 10 or higher, and it isn't a system app or a DPC, then the following methods don't return useful data:

Android 9

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. For a list of some of the major security enhancements available in Android 9, see the Android Release Notes.

Android 8

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十种用于保护用户的安全增强功能。以下是 Android 8.0 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能：

  • 加密：在工作资料中增加了对撤销密钥 (evict key) 的支持。
  • 验证启动：增加了 Android 启动时验证 (AVB)。支持回滚保护（用于引导加载程序）的启动时验证代码库已添加到 AOSP 中。建议提供引导加载程序支持，以便为 HLOS 提供回滚保护。建议将引导加载程序设为只能由用户通过实际操作设备来解锁。
  • 锁定屏幕：增加了对使用防篡改硬件验证锁定屏幕凭据的支持。
  • KeyStore：搭载 Android 8.0 及更高版本的所有设备都需要进行密钥认证。增加了 ID 认证支持，以改进零触摸注册计划。
  • 沙盒：使用 Treble 计划的框架和设备特定组件之间的标准接口更紧密地对许多组件进行沙盒化处理。将 seccomp 过滤应用到了所有不信任的应用，以减少内核的攻击面。WebView 现在运行在一个独立的进程中，对系统其余部分的访问非常有限。
  • 内核加固：实现了经过安全强化的 usercopy、PAN 模拟、初始化后变为只读以及 KASLR。
  • 用户空间安全强化：为媒体堆栈实现了 CFI。 应用叠加层不能再遮盖系统关键窗口，并且用户可以关闭这些叠加层。
  • 操作系统流式更新：在磁盘空间不足的设备上启用了更新。
  • 安装未知应用：用户必须授予权限，系统才能从不是第一方应用商店的来源安装应用。
  • 隐私权：对于设备上的每个应用和使用设备的每个用户，Android ID (SSAID) 都采用不同的值。对于网络浏览器应用，Widevine 客户端 ID 会针对每个应用软件包名称和网络来源返回不同的值。 net.hostname 现在为空，并且 DHCP 客户端不再发送主机名。android.os.Build.SERIAL 已被替换为 Build.SERIAL API（受到用户控制权限的保护）。改进了某些芯片组中的 MAC 地址随机分配功能。

Android 7

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 7.0:

  • File-based encryption. Encrypting at the file level, instead of encrypting the entire storage area as a single unit, better isolates and protects individual users and profiles (such as personal and work) on a device.
  • Direct Boot. Enabled by file-based encryption, Direct Boot allows certain apps such as alarm clock and accessibility features to run when device is powered on but not unlocked.
  • Verified Boot. Verified Boot is now strictly enforced to prevent compromised devices from booting; it supports error correction to improve reliability against non-malicious data corruption.
  • SELinux. Updated SELinux configuration and increased seccomp coverage further locks down the Application Sandbox and reduces attack surface.
  • Library load-order randomization and improved ASLR. Increased randomness makes some code-reuse attacks less reliable.
  • Kernel hardening. Added additional memory protection for newer kernels by marking portions of kernel memory as read-only, restricting kernel access to userspace addresses and further reducing the existing attack surface.
  • APK signature scheme v2. Introduced a whole-file signature scheme that improves verification speed and strengthens integrity guarantees.
  • Trusted CA store. To make it easier for apps to control access to their secure network traffic, user-installed certificate authorities and those installed through Device Admin APIs are no longer trusted by default for apps targeting API Level 24+. Additionally, all new Android devices must ship with the same trusted CA store.
  • Network Security Config. Configure network security and TLS through a declarative configuration file.

Android 6

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 6.0:

  • Runtime Permissions. Apps request permissions at runtime instead of being granted at App install time. Users can toggle permissions on and off for both M and pre-M apps.
  • Verified Boot. A set of cryptographic checks of system software are conducted prior to execution to ensure the phone is healthy from the bootloader all the way up to the operating system.
  • Hardware-Isolated Security. New Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) used by Fingerprint API, Lockscreen, Device Encryption, and Client Certificates to protect keys against kernel compromise and/or local physical attacks
  • Fingerprints. Devices can now be unlocked with just a touch. Developers can also take advantage of new APIs to use fingerprints to lock and unlock encryption keys.
  • SD Card Adoption. Removable media can be adopted to a device and expand available storage for app local data, photos, videos, etc., but still be protected by block-level encryption.
  • Clear Text Traffic. Developers can use a new StrictMode to make sure their app doesn't use cleartext.
  • System Hardening. Hardening of the system via policies enforced by SELinux. This offers better isolation between users, IOCTL filtering, reduce threat of exposed services, further tightening of SELinux domains, and extremely limited /proc access.
  • USB Access Control: Users must confirm to allow USB access to files, storage, or other functionality on the phone. Default is now charge only with access to storage requiring explicit approval from the user.

Android 5

5.0

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十种用于保护用户的安全增强功能。以下是 Android 5.0 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能：

  • 默认加密。在以开箱即用的方式搭载 L 的设备上，会默认启用全盘加密功能，以便更好地保护丢失设备或被盗设备上的数据。对于更新到 L 的设备，可以在设置 > 安全性部分进行加密。
  • 经过改进的全盘加密功能。使用 scrypt 保护用户密码免遭暴力破解攻击；在可能的情况下，该密钥会绑定到硬件密钥库，以防范来自设备外的攻击。和以往一样，Android 屏幕锁定密钥和设备加密密钥不会被发送到设备以外，也不会提供给任何应用。
  • 通过 SELinux 得到增强的 Android 沙盒。对于所有域，Android 现在都要求 SELinux 处于强制模式。SELinux 是 Linux 内核中的强制访问控制 (MAC) 系统，用于增强现有的自主访问控制 (DAC) 安全模型。这个新的安全层为防范潜在的安全漏洞提供了额外的保护屏障。
  • Smart Lock。Android 现在包含一些 Trustlet，它们可以提供更灵活的设备解锁方式。例如，Trustlet 可让设备在靠近其他可信设备（通过 NFC、蓝牙）时或用户拥有可信面孔时自动解锁。
  • 面向手机和平板电脑的多用户功能、受限个人资料和访客模式。Android 现在为手机提供了多用户功能，并包含一个访客模式。利用访客模式，您可以让访客轻松地临时使用您的设备，而不向他们授予对您的数据和应用的访问权限。
  • 不使用 OTA 的 WebView 更新方式。现在可以独立于框架对 WebView 进行更新，而且无需采用系统 OTA 方式。这有助于更快速地应对 WebView 中的潜在安全问题。
  • 经过更新的 HTTPS 和 TLS/SSL 加密功能。现在启用了 TLSv1.2 和 TLSv1.1，首选是正向加密，启用了 AES-GCM，停用了弱加密套件（MD5、3DES 和导出密码套件）。如需了解详情，请访问 https://developer.android.com/reference/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocket.html。
  • 移除了非 PIE 链接器支持。Android 现在要求所有动态链接的可执行文件都要支持 PIE（位置无关可执行文件）。这有助于增强 Android 的地址空间布局随机化 (ASLR) 实现。
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE 改进。以下 libc 函数现在实现了 FORTIFY_SOURCE 保护功能：stpcpy()、stpncpy()、read()、recvfrom()、FD_CLR()、FD_SET() 和 FD_ISSET()。这有助于防范涉及这些函数的内存损坏漏洞。
  • 安全修复程序。Android 5.0 中还包含针对 Android 特有漏洞的修复程序。有关这些漏洞的信息已提供给“开放手机联盟”(Open Handset Alliance) 成员，并且 Android 开放源代码项目中提供了相应的修复程序。为了提高安全性，部分搭载更低版本 Android 系统的设备可能也会包含这些修复程序。

Android 4 及更低版本

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements available in Android 4.4:

  • Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux. Android now uses SELinux in enforcing mode. SELinux is a mandatory access control (MAC) system in the Linux kernel used to augment the existing discretionary access control (DAC) based security model. This provides additional protection against potential security vulnerabilities.
  • Per User VPN. On multi-user devices, VPNs are now applied per user. This can allow a user to route all network traffic through a VPN without affecting other users on the device.
  • ECDSA Provider support in AndroidKeyStore. Android now has a keystore provider that allows use of ECDSA and DSA algorithms.
  • Device Monitoring Warnings. Android provides users with a warning if any certificate has been added to the device certificate store that could allow monitoring of encrypted network traffic.
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE. Android now supports FORTIFY_SOURCE level 2, and all code is compiled with these protections. FORTIFY_SOURCE has been enhanced to work with clang.
  • Certificate Pinning. Android 4.4 detects and prevents the use of fraudulent Google certificates used in secure SSL/TLS communications.
  • Security Fixes. Android 4.4 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements available in Android 4.3:

  • Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux. This release strengthens the Android sandbox using the SELinux mandatory access control system (MAC) in the Linux kernel. SELinux reinforcement is invisible to users and developers, and adds robustness to the existing Android security model while maintaining compatibility with existing apps. To ensure continued compatibility this release allows the use of SELinux in a permissive mode. This mode logs any policy violations, but will not break apps or affect system behavior.
  • No setuid or setgid programs. Added support for filesystem capabilities to Android system files and removed all setuid or setgid programs. This reduces root attack surface and the likelihood of potential security vulnerabilities.
  • ADB authentication. Starting in Android 4.2.2, connections to ADB are authenticated with an RSA keypair. This prevents unauthorized use of ADB where the attacker has physical access to a device.
  • Restrict Setuid from Android Apps. The /system partition is now mounted nosuid for zygote-spawned processes, preventing Android apps from executing setuid programs. This reduces root attack surface and the likelihood of potential security vulnerabilities.
  • Capability bounding. Android zygote and ADB now use prctl(PR_CAPBSET_DROP) to drop unnecessary capabilities prior to executing apps. This prevents Android apps and apps launched from the shell from acquiring privileged capabilities.
  • AndroidKeyStore Provider. Android now has a keystore provider that allows apps to create exclusive use keys. This provides apps with an API to create or store private keys that cannot be used by other apps.
  • KeyChain isBoundKeyAlgorithm. Keychain API now provides a method (isBoundKeyType) that allows apps to confirm that system-wide keys are bound to a hardware root of trust for the device. This provides a place to create or store private keys that can't be exported off the device, even in the event of a root compromise.
  • NO_NEW_PRIVS. Android zygote now uses prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS) to block addition of new privileges prior to execution app code. This prevents Android apps from performing operations that can elevate privileges through execve. (This requires Linux kernel version 3.5 or greater).
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE enhancements. Enabled FORTIFY_SOURCE on Android x86 and MIPS and fortified strchr(), strrchr(), strlen(), and umask() calls. This can detect potential memory corruption vulnerabilities or unterminated string constants.
  • Relocation protections. Enabled read only relocations (relro) for statically linked executables and removed all text relocations in Android code. This provides defense in depth against potential memory corruption vulnerabilities.
  • Improved EntropyMixer. EntropyMixer now writes entropy at shutdown or reboot, in addition to periodic mixing. This allows retention of all entropy generated while devices are powered on, and is especially useful for devices that are rebooted immediately after provisioning.
  • Security fixes. Android 4.3 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Android 提供了一个多层安全模型，Android 安全性概述中对该模型进行了介绍。每个 Android 更新版本中都包含数十项用于保护用户的安全增强功能。以下是 Android 4.2 中引入的一些安全增强功能：

  • 应用验证 - 用户可以选择启用“验证应用”，并且可以选择在应用安装之前由应用验证程序对其进行筛查。 如果用户尝试安装的应用可能有害，应用验证功能可以提醒用户；如果应用的危害性非常大，应用验证功能可以阻止安装。
  • 加强对付费短信的控制 - 如果有应用尝试向使用付费服务的短号码发送短信（可能会产生额外的费用），Android 将会通知用户。用户可以选择是允许还是阻止该应用发送短信。
  • 始终开启的 VPN - 可以配置 VPN，以确保在建立 VPN 连接之前应用无法访问网络。这有助于防止应用跨其他网络发送数据。
  • 证书锁定 - Android 的核心库现在支持证书锁定。 如果证书未关联到一组应关联的证书，锁定的域将会收到证书验证失败消息。 这有助于保护证书授权机构免遭可能的入侵。
  • 改进后的 Android 权限显示方式 - 权限划分到了多个对用户来说更清晰明了的组中。在审核权限时，用户可以点击权限来查看关于相应权限的更多详细信息。
  • installd 安全强化 - installd 守护程序不会以 root 用户身份运行，这样可以缩小 root 提权攻击的潜在攻击面。
  • init 脚本安全强化 - init 脚本现在会应用 O_NOFOLLOW 语义来防范与符号链接相关的攻击。
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE - Android 现在会实现 FORTIFY_SOURCE，以供系统库和应用用于防范内存损坏。
  • ContentProvider 默认配置 - 默认情况下，对于每个内容提供方，以 API 级别 17 为目标的应用都会将“export”设为“false”，以缩小应用的默认受攻击面。
  • 加密 - 修改了 SecureRandom 和 Cipher.RSA 的默认实现，以便使用 OpenSSL。为使用 OpenSSL 1.0.1 的 TLSv1.1 和 TLSv1.2 添加了安全套接字支持
  • 安全漏洞修复程序 - 升级了开放源代码库，新增了一些安全漏洞修复程序，其中包括 WebKit、libpng、OpenSSL 和 LibXML。Android 4.2 中还包含针对 Android 特有漏洞的修复程序。有关这些漏洞的信息已提供给“开放手机联盟”(Open Handset Alliance) 成员，并且 Android 开放源代码项目中提供了相应的修复程序。为了提高安全性，部分搭载更低版本 Android 系统的设备可能也会包含这些修复程序。

Android provides a multi-layered security model described in the Android Security Overview. Each update to Android includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements introduced in Android versions 1.5 through 4.1:

Android 1.5
  • ProPolice to prevent stack buffer overruns (-fstack-protector)
  • safe_iop to reduce integer overflows
  • Extensions to OpenBSD dlmalloc to prevent double free() vulnerabilities and to prevent chunk consolidation attacks. Chunk consolidation attacks are a common way to exploit heap corruption.
  • OpenBSD calloc to prevent integer overflows during memory allocation
Android 2.3
  • Format string vulnerability protections (-Wformat-security -Werror=format-security)
  • Hardware-based No eXecute (NX) to prevent code execution on the stack and heap
  • Linux mmap_min_addr to mitigate null pointer dereference privilege escalation (further enhanced in Android 4.1)
Android 4.0
Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) to randomize key locations in memory
Android 4.1
  • PIE (Position Independent Executable) support
  • Read-only relocations / immediate binding (-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now)
  • dmesg_restrict enabled (avoid leaking kernel addresses)
  • kptr_restrict enabled (avoid leaking kernel addresses)