Melhorias na segurança

O Android está sempre melhorando as ofertas e as capacidades de segurança. Confira as listas de melhorias por versão no painel de navegação à esquerda.

Android 14

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十种安全增强功能，以保护用户。以下是 Android 14 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能：

  • Android 10 中引入的硬件辅助 AddressSanitizer (HWASan) 是一款类似于 AddressSanitizer 的内存错误检测工具。Android 14 对 HWASan 进行了重大改进。如需了解它如何帮助防止 bug 进入 Android 版本，请访问 HWAddressSanitizer
  • 在 Android 14 中，从与第三方共享位置数据的应用开始，系统运行时权限对话框现在包含一个可点击的部分，用于突出显示应用的数据分享做法，包括诸如以下信息：应用为什么可能会决定与第三方分享数据。
  • Android 12 引入了在调制解调器级别停用 2G 支持的选项，以保护用户免受 2G 的过时安全模型固有的安全风险的影响。认识到停用 2G 对企业客户的重要性后，Android 14 在 Android Enterprise 中启用了此安全功能，以便 IT 管理员能够限制受管设备降级到 2G 连接。
  • 开始支持拒绝未加密的移动网络连接，确保电路交换语音和短信流量始终会加密，并可防范被动无线拦截。详细了解 Android 的移动网络连接强化计划。
  • 新增了对多个 IMEI 的支持
  • 从 Android 14 开始，AES-HCTR2 是采用加速加密指令的设备的首选文件名加密模式。
  • 移动网络连接
  • 在 Android 安全中心添加了相关文档
  • 如果您的应用以 Android 14 为目标平台并使用动态代码加载 (DCL) 功能，则必须将所有动态加载的文件标记为只读。否则，系统会抛出异常。我们建议应用尽可能避免动态加载代码，因为这样做会大大增加应用因代码注入或代码篡改而遭到入侵的风险。

请查看完整的 AOSP 版本说明以及 Android 开发者功能和变更列表。

Android 13

Cada versão do Android inclui dezenas de melhorias de segurança para proteger os usuários. Confira algumas das principais melhorias de segurança disponíveis no Android 13:

  • O Android 13 agora é compatível com a apresentação de vários documentos. A nova interface de sessão de apresentação permite que um app faça uma apresentação de vários documentos, algo que não é possível com a API atual. Para mais informações, consulte Credencial de identidade.
  • No Android 13, as intents originadas de apps externos vão ser enviadas a um componente exportado apenas se corresponderem aos elementos de filtro de intent declarados.
  • A API Open Mobile (OMAPI, link em inglês) é uma API padrão usada para se comunicar com o Elemento de segurança de um dispositivo. Antes do Android 13, apenas apps e módulos de framework tinham acesso a essa interface. Ao fazer a conversão para uma interface estável do fornecedor, os módulos da HAL também podem se comunicar com os Elementos de segurança pelo serviço OMAPI. Para mais informações, consulte Interface estável do fornecedor OMAPI.
  • No Android 13 QPR, os UIDs compartilhados foram descontinuados. Os usuários do Android 13 ou versões mais recentes precisam incluir a linha `android:sharedUserMaxSdkVersion="32"` no manifesto. Essa entrada impede que novos usuários recebam um UID compartilhado. Para mais informações sobre UIDs, consulte Assinatura de apps.
  • O Android 13 adicionou suporte a primitivas criptográficas simétricas do Keystore, como AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), HMAC (Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code) e algoritmos criptográficos assimétricos (incluindo curva elíptica, RSA2048, RSA4096 e curva 25519).
  • O Android 13 (nível 33 da API) e versões mais recentes oferecem suporte a uma permissão de execução para enviar notificações de um app não isentas. Isso dá aos usuários controle sobre quais notificações de permissão eles veem.
  • Adicionamos uma solicitação por uso para apps que solicitam acesso a todos os registros do dispositivo, permitindo que os usuários permitam ou neguem o acesso.
  • introduziu o Framework de virtualização do Android (AVF, na sigla em inglês), que reúne diferentes hipervisores em um framework com APIs padronizadas. Ele fornece ambientes de execução seguros e particulares para executar cargas de trabalho isoladas por hipervisor.
  • Introdução do Esquema de assinatura de APK v3.1 Todas as novas rotações de chaves que usam o apksigner usam o esquema de assinatura v3.1 por padrão para a rotação do Android 13 e versões mais recentes.

Confira as notas da versão completas do AOSP e a lista de recursos e mudanças para desenvolvedores do Android.

Android 12

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 12:

  • Android 12 introduces the BiometricManager.Strings API, which provides localized strings for apps that use BiometricPrompt for authentication. These strings are intended to be device-aware and provide more specificity about which authentication types might be used. Android 12 also includes support for under-display fingerprint sensors
  • Support added for under-display fingerprint sensors
  • Introduction of the Fingerprint Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)
  • Support for new Face AIDL
  • Introduction of Rust as a language for platform development
  • The option for users to grant access only to their approximate location added
  • Added Privacy indicators on the status bar when an app is using the camera or microphone
  • Android's Private Compute Core (PCC)
  • Added an option to disable 2G support

Android 11

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十项用于保护用户的安全增强功能。如需查看 Android 11 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能的列表，请参阅 Android 版本说明。

Android 10

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Android 10 includes several security and privacy enhancements. See the Android 10 release notes for a complete list of changes in Android 10.

Security

BoundsSanitizer

Android 10 deploys BoundsSanitizer (BoundSan) in Bluetooth and codecs. BoundSan uses UBSan's bounds sanitizer. This mitigation is enabled on a per-module level. It helps keep critical components of Android secure and shouldn't be disabled. BoundSan is enabled in the following codecs:

  • libFLAC
  • libavcdec
  • libavcenc
  • libhevcdec
  • libmpeg2
  • libopus
  • libvpx
  • libspeexresampler
  • libvorbisidec
  • libaac
  • libxaac

Execute-only memory

By default, executable code sections for AArch64 system binaries are marked execute-only (nonreadable) as a hardening mitigation against just-in-time code reuse attacks. Code that mixes data and code together and code that purposefully inspects these sections (without first remapping the memory segments as readable) no longer functions. Apps with a target SDK of Android 10 (API level 29 or higher) are impacted if the app attempts to read code sections of execute-only memory (XOM) enabled system libraries in memory without first marking the section as readable.

Extended access

Trust agents, the underlying mechanism used by tertiary authentication mechanisms such as Smart Lock, can only extend unlock in Android 10. Trust agents can no longer unlock a locked device and can only keep a device unlocked for a maximum of four hours.

Face authentication

Face authentication allows users to unlock their device simply by looking at the front of their device. Android 10 adds support for a new face authentication stack that can securely process camera frames, preserving security and privacy during face authentication on supported hardware. Android 10 also provides an easy way for security-compliant implementations to enable app integration for transactions such as online banking or other services.

Integer Overflow Sanitization

Android 10 enables Integer Overflow Sanitization (IntSan) in software codecs. Ensure that playback performance is acceptable for any codecs that aren't supported in the device's hardware. IntSan is enabled in the following codecs:

  • libFLAC
  • libavcdec
  • libavcenc
  • libhevcdec
  • libmpeg2
  • libopus
  • libvpx
  • libspeexresampler
  • libvorbisidec

Modular system components

Android 10 modularizes some Android system components and enables them to be updated outside of the normal Android release cycle. Some modules include:

OEMCrypto

Android 10 uses OEMCrypto API version 15.

Scudo

Scudo is a dynamic user-mode memory allocator designed to be more resilient against heap-related vulnerabilities. It provides the standard C allocation and deallocation primitives, as well as the C++ primitives.

ShadowCallStack

ShadowCallStack (SCS) is an LLVM instrumentation mode that protects against return address overwrites (like stack buffer overflows) by saving a function's return address to a separately allocated ShadowCallStack instance in the function prolog of nonleaf functions and loading the return address from the ShadowCallStack instance in the function epilog.

WPA3 and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open

Android 10 adds support for the Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3) and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open security standards to provide better privacy and robustness against known attacks.

Privacy

App access when targeting Android 9 or lower

If your app runs on Android 10 or higher but targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the platform applies the following behavior:

  • If your app declares a <uses-permission> element for either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds a <uses-permission> element for ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION during installation.
  • If your app requests either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION to the request.

Background activity restrictions

Starting in Android 10, the system places restrictions on starting activities from the background. This behavior change helps minimize interruptions for the user and keeps the user more in control of what's shown on their screen. As long as your app starts activities as a direct result of user interaction, your app most likely isn't affected by these restrictions.
To learn more about the recommended alternative to starting activities from the background, see the guide on how to alert users of time-sensitive events in your app.

Camera metadata

Android 10 changes the breadth of information that the getCameraCharacteristics() method returns by default. In particular, your app must have the CAMERA permission in order to access potentially device-specific metadata that is included in this method's return value.
To learn more about these changes, see the section about camera fields that require permission.

Clipboard data

Unless your app is the default input method editor (IME) or is the app that currently has focus, your app cannot access clipboard data on Android 10 or higher.

Device location

To support the additional control that users have over an app's access to location information, Android 10 introduces the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission.
Unlike the ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION and ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION permissions, the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission only affects an app's access to location when it runs in the background. An app is considered to be accessing location in the background unless one of the following conditions is satisfied:

  • An activity belonging to the app is visible.
  • The app is running a foreground service that has declared a foreground service type of location.
    To declare the foreground service type for a service in your app, set your app's targetSdkVersion or compileSdkVersion to 29 or higher. Learn more about how foreground services can continue user-initiated actions that require access to location.

External storage

By default, apps targeting Android 10 and higher are given scoped access into external storage, or scoped storage. Such apps can see the following types of files within an external storage device without needing to request any storage-related user permissions:

To learn more about scoped storage, as well as how to share, access, and modify files that are saved on external storage devices, see the guides on how to manage files in external storage and access and modify media files.

MAC address randomization

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, the system transmits randomized MAC addresses by default.
If your app handles an enterprise use case, the platform provides APIs for several operations related to MAC addresses:

  • Obtain randomized MAC address: Device owner apps and profile owner apps can retrieve the randomized MAC address assigned to a specific network by calling getRandomizedMacAddress().
  • Obtain actual, factory MAC address: Device owner apps can retrieve a device's actual hardware MAC address by calling getWifiMacAddress(). This method is useful for tracking fleets of devices.

Non-resettable device identifiers

Starting in Android 10, apps must have the READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE privileged permission in order to access the device's non-resettable identifiers, which include both IMEI and serial number.

If your app doesn't have the permission and you try asking for information about non-resettable identifiers anyway, the platform's response varies based on target SDK version:

  • If your app targets Android 10 or higher, a SecurityException occurs.
  • If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the method returns null or placeholder data if the app has the READ_PHONE_STATE permission. Otherwise, a SecurityException occurs.

Physical activity recognition

Android 10 introduces the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION runtime permission for apps that need to detect the user's step count or classify the user's physical activity, such as walking, biking, or moving in a vehicle. This is designed to give users visibility of how device sensor data is used in Settings.
Some libraries within Google Play services, such as the Activity Recognition API and the Google Fit API, don't provide results unless the user has granted your app this permission.
The only built-in sensors on the device that require you to declare this permission are the step counter and step detector sensors.
If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the system auto-grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission to your app, as needed, if your app satisfies each of the following conditions:

  • The manifest file includes the com.google.android.gms.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.
  • The manifest file doesn't include the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.

If the system-auto grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission, your app retains the permission after you update your app to target Android 10. However, the user can revoke this permission at any time in system settings.

/proc/net filesystem restrictions

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, apps cannot access /proc/net, which includes information about a device's network state. Apps that need access to this information, such as VPNs, should use the NetworkStatsManager or ConnectivityManager class.

Permission groups removed from UI

As of Android 10, apps cannot look up how permissions are grouped in the UI.

Removal of contacts affinity

Starting in Android 10, the platform doesn't keep track of contacts affinity information. As a result, if your app conducts a search on the user's contacts, the results aren't ordered by frequency of interaction.
The guide about ContactsProvider contains a notice describing the specific fields and methods that are obsolete on all devices starting in Android 10.

Restricted access to screen contents

To protect users' screen contents, Android 10 prevents silent access to the device's screen contents by changing the scope of the READ_FRAME_BUFFER, CAPTURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT, and CAPTURE_SECURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT permissions. As of Android 10, these permissions are signature-access only.
Apps that need to access the device's screen contents should use the MediaProjection API, which displays a prompt asking the user to provide consent.

USB device serial number

If your app targets Android 10 or higher, your app cannot read the serial number until the user has granted your app permission to access the USB device or accessory.
To learn more about working with USB devices, see the guide on how to configure USB hosts.

Wi-Fi

Apps targeting Android 10 or higher cannot enable or disable Wi-Fi. The WifiManager.setWifiEnabled() method always returns false.
If you need to prompt users to enable and disable Wi-Fi, use a settings panel.

Restrictions on direct access to configured Wi-Fi networks

To protect user privacy, manual configuration of the list of Wi-Fi networks is restricted to system apps and device policy controllers (DPCs). A given DPC can be either the device owner or the profile owner.
If your app targets Android 10 or higher, and it isn't a system app or a DPC, then the following methods don't return useful data:

Android 9

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十项用于保护用户的安全增强功能。如需 Android 9 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能的列表，请参阅 Android 版本说明。

Android 8

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 8.0:

  • Encryption. Added support to evict key in work profile.
  • Verified Boot. Added Android Verified Boot (AVB). Verified Boot codebase supporting rollback protection for use in boot loaders added to AOSP. Recommend bootloader support for rollback protection for the HLOS. Recommend boot loaders can only be unlocked by user physically interacting with the device.
  • Lock screen. Added support for using tamper-resistant hardware to verify lock screen credential.
  • KeyStore. Required key attestation for all devices that ship with Android 8.0+. Added ID attestation support to improve Zero Touch Enrollment.
  • Sandboxing. More tightly sandboxed many components using Project Treble's standard interface between framework and device-specific components. Applied seccomp filtering to all untrusted apps to reduce the kernel's attack surface. WebView is now run in an isolated process with very limited access to the rest of the system.
  • Kernel hardening. Implemented hardened usercopy, PAN emulation, read-only after init, and KASLR.
  • Userspace hardening. Implemented CFI for the media stack. App overlays can no longer cover system-critical windows and users have a way to dismiss them.
  • Streaming OS update. Enabled updates on devices that are are low on disk space.
  • Install unknown apps. Users must grant permission to install apps from a source that isn't a first-party app store.
  • Privacy. Android ID (SSAID) has a different value for each app and each user on the device. For web browser apps, Widevine Client ID returns a different value for each app package name and web origin. net.hostname is now empty and the dhcp client no longer sends a hostname. android.os.Build.SERIAL has been replaced with the Build.SERIAL API which is protected behind a user-controlled permission. Improved MAC address randomization in some chipsets.

Android 7

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 7.0:

  • File-based encryption. Encrypting at the file level, instead of encrypting the entire storage area as a single unit, better isolates and protects individual users and profiles (such as personal and work) on a device.
  • Direct Boot. Enabled by file-based encryption, Direct Boot allows certain apps such as alarm clock and accessibility features to run when device is powered on but not unlocked.
  • Verified Boot. Verified Boot is now strictly enforced to prevent compromised devices from booting; it supports error correction to improve reliability against non-malicious data corruption.
  • SELinux. Updated SELinux configuration and increased seccomp coverage further locks down the Application Sandbox and reduces attack surface.
  • Library load-order randomization and improved ASLR. Increased randomness makes some code-reuse attacks less reliable.
  • Kernel hardening. Added additional memory protection for newer kernels by marking portions of kernel memory as read-only, restricting kernel access to userspace addresses and further reducing the existing attack surface.
  • APK signature scheme v2. Introduced a whole-file signature scheme that improves verification speed and strengthens integrity guarantees.
  • Trusted CA store. To make it easier for apps to control access to their secure network traffic, user-installed certificate authorities and those installed through Device Admin APIs are no longer trusted by default for apps targeting API Level 24+. Additionally, all new Android devices must ship with the same trusted CA store.
  • Network Security Config. Configure network security and TLS through a declarative configuration file.

Android 6

Cada versão do Android inclui dezenas de melhorias de segurança para proteger os usuários. Confira algumas das principais melhorias de segurança disponíveis no Android 6.0:

  • Permissões de tempo de execução. Os apps solicitam permissões no momento da execução em vez de serem concedidas no momento da instalação. Os usuários podem ativar e desativar as permissões para apps do M e anteriores.
  • Inicialização verificada. Um conjunto de verificações criptográficas do software do sistema é realizado antes da execução para garantir que o smartphone esteja saudável desde o carregador de inicialização até o sistema operacional.
  • Segurança isolada por hardware. Nova camada de abstração de hardware (HAL, na sigla em inglês) usada pela API de impressão digital, tela de bloqueio, criptografia de dispositivo e certificados do cliente para proteger chaves contra comprometimento do kernel e/ou ataques físicos locais
  • Impressões digitais. Agora é possível desbloquear os dispositivos com apenas um toque. Os desenvolvedores também podem aproveitar as novas APIs para usar impressões digitais para bloquear e desbloquear chaves de criptografia.
  • Adoção de cartão SD. A mídia removível pode ser adotada por um dispositivo e expandir o armazenamento disponível para dados locais do app, fotos, vídeos etc., mas ainda ser protegida por criptografia em nível de bloco.
  • Tráfego de texto não criptografado. Os desenvolvedores podem usar um novo StrictMode para garantir que o app não use texto não criptografado.
  • Aumento da proteção do sistema. O aumento da proteção do sistema por meio de políticas aplicadas pelo SELinux. Isso oferece um melhor isolamento entre usuários, filtragem IOCTL, redução da ameaça de serviços expostos, maior restrição de domínios SELinux e acesso /proc extremamente limitado.
  • Controle de acesso USB:os usuários precisam confirmar para permitir o acesso USB a arquivos, armazenamento ou outras funcionalidades no smartphone. O padrão agora é somente cobrança, com acesso ao armazenamento que exige a aprovação explícita do usuário.

Android 5

5.0

Cada versão do Android inclui dezenas de melhorias de segurança para proteger os usuários. Confira algumas das principais melhorias de segurança disponíveis no Android 5.0:

  • Criptografado por padrão. Em dispositivos que vêm com o L out-of-the-box, a criptografia de disco completo é ativada por padrão para melhorar a proteção de dados em dispositivos perdidos ou roubados. Os dispositivos que forem atualizados para L poderão ser criptografados em Configurações > Segurança .
  • Melhoria na criptografia de disco completo. A senha do usuário é protegida contra ataques de força bruta usando scrypt e, quando disponível, a chave é vinculada ao keystore de hardware para evitar ataques fora do dispositivo. Como sempre, o segredo de bloqueio de tela do Android e a chave de criptografia do dispositivo não são enviados para fora do dispositivo nem expostos a nenhum aplicativo.
  • Sandbox do Android reforçado com o SELinux . O Android agora exige o SELinux no modo de restrição para todos os domínios. O SELinux é um sistema de controle de acesso obrigatório (MAC) no kernel do Linux usado para aumentar o modelo de segurança de controle de acesso discricionário (DAC) existente. Essa nova camada oferece proteção extra contra possíveis vulnerabilidades de segurança.
  • Smart Lock. O Android agora inclui trustlets que oferecem mais flexibilidade para desbloquear dispositivos. Por exemplo, os trustlets podem permitir que os dispositivos sejam desbloqueados automaticamente quando estiverem próximos de outro dispositivo confiável (por NFC, Bluetooth) ou sendo usados por alguém com uma face confiável.
  • Modos de vários usuários, perfil restrito e visitante para smartphones e tablets. O Android agora oferece suporte a vários usuários em smartphones e inclui um modo visitante que pode ser usado para fornecer acesso temporário fácil ao dispositivo sem conceder acesso aos dados e aos apps.
  • Atualizações na WebView sem OTA. Agora, a WebView pode ser atualizada independentemente do framework e sem um OTA do sistema. Isso permite uma resposta mais rápida a possíveis problemas de segurança na WebView.
  • Criptografia atualizada para HTTPS e TLS/SSL. Os protocolos TLSv1.2 e TLSv1.1 foram ativados, o Forward Secrecy é a opção preferencial, o AES-GCM foi ativado e os pacotes de criptografia fracos (MD5, 3DES e pacotes de criptografia de exportação) foram desativados. Consulte https://developer.android.com/reference/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocket.html para mais detalhes.
  • O suporte para o linker não-PIE foi removido. O Android agora exige que todos os executáveis vinculados dinamicamente ofereçam suporte a PIE (executáveis independentes de posição). Isso melhora a implementação da ordem aleatória do layout do espaço de endereço do Android (ASLR).
  • Melhorias no FORTIFY_SOURCE. As seguintes funções libc agora implementam proteções FORTIFY_SOURCE: stpcpy(), stpncpy(), read(), recvfrom(), FD_CLR(), FD_SET() e FD_ISSET(). Isso oferece proteção contra vulnerabilidades de corrupção de memória que envolvem essas funções.
  • Correções de segurança. O Android 5.0 também inclui correções para vulnerabilidades específicas do Android. Informações sobre essas vulnerabilidades foram fornecidas aos membros da Open Handset Alliance, e as correções estão disponíveis no Android Open Source Project. Para melhorar a segurança, alguns dispositivos com versões anteriores do Android também podem incluir essas correções.

Android 4 e versões anteriores

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十项用于保护用户的安全增强功能。以下是 Android 4.4 中提供的一些安全增强功能：

  • 通过 SELinux 得到增强的 Android 沙盒。 Android 现在以强制模式使用 SELinux。SELinux 是 Linux 内核中的强制访问控制 (MAC) 系统，用于增强基于自主访问控制 (DAC) 的现有安全模型。 这为防范潜在的安全漏洞提供了额外的保护屏障。
  • 按用户应用 VPN。 在多用户设备上，现在按用户应用 VPN。 这样一来，用户就可以通过一个 VPN 路由所有网络流量，而不会影响使用同一设备的其他用户。
  • AndroidKeyStore 中的 ECDSA 提供程序支持。 Android 现在有一个允许使用 ECDSA 和 DSA 算法的密钥库提供程序。
  • 设备监测警告。 如果有任何可能允许监测加密网络流量的证书添加到设备证书库中，Android 都会向用户发出警告。
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE。 Android 现在支持 FORTIFY_SOURCE 第 2 级，并且所有代码在编译时都会受到这些保护。FORTIFY_SOURCE 已得到增强，能够与 Clang 配合使用。
  • 证书锁定。 Android 4.4 能够检测安全的 SSL/TLS 通信中是否使用了欺诈性 Google 证书，并且能够阻止这种行为。
  • 安全修复程序。 Android 4.4 中还包含针对 Android 特有漏洞的修复程序。 有关这些漏洞的信息已提供给“开放手机联盟”(Open Handset Alliance) 成员，并且 Android 开源项目中提供了相应的修复程序。为了提高安全性，搭载更低版本 Android 的某些设备可能也会包含这些修复程序。

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements available in Android 4.3:

  • Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux. This release strengthens the Android sandbox using the SELinux mandatory access control system (MAC) in the Linux kernel. SELinux reinforcement is invisible to users and developers, and adds robustness to the existing Android security model while maintaining compatibility with existing apps. To ensure continued compatibility this release allows the use of SELinux in a permissive mode. This mode logs any policy violations, but will not break apps or affect system behavior.
  • No setuid or setgid programs. Added support for filesystem capabilities to Android system files and removed all setuid or setgid programs. This reduces root attack surface and the likelihood of potential security vulnerabilities.
  • ADB authentication. Starting in Android 4.2.2, connections to ADB are authenticated with an RSA keypair. This prevents unauthorized use of ADB where the attacker has physical access to a device.
  • Restrict Setuid from Android Apps. The /system partition is now mounted nosuid for zygote-spawned processes, preventing Android apps from executing setuid programs. This reduces root attack surface and the likelihood of potential security vulnerabilities.
  • Capability bounding. Android zygote and ADB now use prctl(PR_CAPBSET_DROP) to drop unnecessary capabilities prior to executing apps. This prevents Android apps and apps launched from the shell from acquiring privileged capabilities.
  • AndroidKeyStore Provider. Android now has a keystore provider that allows apps to create exclusive use keys. This provides apps with an API to create or store private keys that cannot be used by other apps.
  • KeyChain isBoundKeyAlgorithm. Keychain API now provides a method (isBoundKeyType) that allows apps to confirm that system-wide keys are bound to a hardware root of trust for the device. This provides a place to create or store private keys that can't be exported off the device, even in the event of a root compromise.
  • NO_NEW_PRIVS. Android zygote now uses prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS) to block addition of new privileges prior to execution app code. This prevents Android apps from performing operations that can elevate privileges through execve. (This requires Linux kernel version 3.5 or greater).
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE enhancements. Enabled FORTIFY_SOURCE on Android x86 and MIPS and fortified strchr(), strrchr(), strlen(), and umask() calls. This can detect potential memory corruption vulnerabilities or unterminated string constants.
  • Relocation protections. Enabled read only relocations (relro) for statically linked executables and removed all text relocations in Android code. This provides defense in depth against potential memory corruption vulnerabilities.
  • Improved EntropyMixer. EntropyMixer now writes entropy at shutdown or reboot, in addition to periodic mixing. This allows retention of all entropy generated while devices are powered on, and is especially useful for devices that are rebooted immediately after provisioning.
  • Security fixes. Android 4.3 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Android 提供了一个多层安全模型，Android 安全性概述中对该模型进行了介绍。每个 Android 更新版本中都包含数十项用于保护用户的安全增强功能。 以下是 Android 4.2 中引入的一些安全增强功能：

  • 应用验证：用户可以选择启用“验证应用”，并且可以选择在安装应用之前由应用验证程序对应用进行筛查。如果用户尝试安装的应用可能有害，应用验证功能可以提醒用户；如果应用的危害性非常大，应用验证功能可以阻止安装。
  • 加强对付费短信的控制：如果有应用尝试向使用付费服务的短号码发送短信（可能会产生额外的费用），Android 将会通知用户。用户可以选择是允许还是阻止该应用发送短信。
  • 始终开启的 VPN：可以配置 VPN，以确保在建立 VPN 连接之前应用无法访问网络。这有助于防止应用跨其他网络发送数据。
  • 证书锁定：Android 的核心库现在支持证书锁定。如果证书未关联到一组应关联的证书，锁定的域将会收到证书验证失败消息。这有助于保护证书授权机构免遭可能的入侵。
  • 改进后的 Android 权限显示方式：权限划分到了多个对用户来说更清晰明了的组中。在审核权限时，用户可以点击权限来查看关于相应权限的更多详细信息。
  • installd 安全强化：installd 守护程序不会以 root 用户身份运行，这样可以缩小 root 提权攻击的潜在攻击面。
  • init 脚本安全强化：init 脚本现在会应用 O_NOFOLLOW 语义来防范与符号链接相关的攻击。
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE：Android 现在会实现 FORTIFY_SOURCE，以供系统库和应用用于防范内存损坏。
  • ContentProvider 默认配置：默认情况下，对于每个 content provider，以 API 级别 17 为目标的应用都会将 export 设为 false，以缩小应用的默认受攻击面。
  • 加密：修改了 SecureRandom 和 Cipher.RSA 的默认实现，以便使用 OpenSSL。为使用 OpenSSL 1.0.1 的 TLSv1.1 和 TLSv1.2 添加了安全套接字支持
  • 安全漏洞修复程序：升级了开放源代码库，在其中新增了一些安全漏洞修复程序，其中包括 WebKit、libpng、OpenSSL 和 LibXML。Android 4.2 中还包含针对 Android 特有漏洞的修复程序。有关这些漏洞的信息已提供给“开放手机联盟”(Open Handset Alliance) 成员，并且 Android 开放源代码项目中提供了相应的修复程序。为了提高安全性，部分搭载更低版本 Android 系统的设备可能也会包含这些修复程序。

O Android oferece um modelo de segurança em várias camadas, descrito na Visão geral da segurança do Android. Cada atualização do Android inclui dezenas de melhorias de segurança para proteger os usuários. Confira a seguir algumas das melhorias de segurança introduzidas nas versões 1.5 a 4.1 do Android:

Android 1.5
  • ProPolice para evitar estouro de buffer de pilha (-fstack-protector)
  • safe_iop para reduzir os overflows de números inteiros
  • Extensões para o dlmalloc do OpenBSD para evitar vulnerabilidades de free() duplo e evitar ataques de consolidação de blocos. Os ataques de consolidação de blocos são uma maneira comum de explorar a corrupção de heap.
  • calloc do OpenBSD para evitar overflows de números inteiros durante a alocação de memória
Android 2.3
  • Proteções contra vulnerabilidades de string de formato (-Wformat-security -Werror=format-security)
  • Never eXecute (NX) baseado em hardware para impedir a execução de código na pilha e no heap
  • mmap_min_addr do Linux para mitigar a escalada de privilégio de referência de ponteiro nulo (melhorada no Android 4.1)
Android 4.0
Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) para gerar locais de chave aleatórios na memória
Android 4.1
  • Suporte a PIE (executável independente de posição)
  • Relocalizações somente leitura / vinculação imediata (-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now)
  • dmesg_restrict ativado (evita o vazamento de endereços do kernel)
  • kptr_restrict ativado (evita o vazamento de endereços do kernel)