安全性增強項目

Android 會持續改善安全性功能和服務。請參閱左側導覽面板中各版本的強化功能清單。

Android 14

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十种安全增强功能，以保护用户。以下是 Android 14 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能：

  • Android 10 中引入的硬件辅助 AddressSanitizer (HWASan) 是一款类似于 AddressSanitizer 的内存错误检测工具。Android 14 对 HWASan 进行了重大改进。如需了解它如何帮助防止 bug 进入 Android 版本，请访问 HWAddressSanitizer
  • 在 Android 14 中，从与第三方共享位置数据的应用开始，系统运行时权限对话框现在包含一个可点击的部分，用于突出显示应用的数据分享做法，包括诸如以下信息：应用为什么可能会决定与第三方分享数据。
  • Android 12 引入了在调制解调器级别停用 2G 支持的选项，以保护用户免受 2G 的过时安全模型固有的安全风险的影响。认识到停用 2G 对企业客户的重要性后，Android 14 在 Android Enterprise 中启用了此安全功能，以便 IT 管理员能够限制受管设备降级到 2G 连接。
  • 开始支持拒绝未加密的移动网络连接，确保电路交换语音和短信流量始终会加密，并可防范被动无线拦截。详细了解 Android 的移动网络连接强化计划。
  • 新增了对多个 IMEI 的支持
  • 从 Android 14 开始，AES-HCTR2 是采用加速加密指令的设备的首选文件名加密模式。
  • 移动网络连接
  • 在 Android 安全中心添加了相关文档
  • 如果您的应用以 Android 14 为目标平台并使用动态代码加载 (DCL) 功能，则必须将所有动态加载的文件标记为只读。否则，系统会抛出异常。我们建议应用尽可能避免动态加载代码，因为这样做会大大增加应用因代码注入或代码篡改而遭到入侵的风险。

请查看完整的 AOSP 版本说明以及 Android 开发者功能和变更列表。

Android 13

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 13:

  • Android 13 adds multi-document presentation support. This new Presentation Session interface enables an app to do a multi-document presentation, something which isn't possible with the existing API. For further information, refer to Identity Credential
  • In Android 13, intents originating from external apps are delivered to an exported component if and only if the intents match their declared intent-filter elements.
  • Open Mobile API (OMAPI) is a standard API used to communicate with a device's Secure Element. Before Android 13, only apps and framework modules had access to this interface. By converting it to a vendor stable interface, HAL modules are also capable of communicating with the secure elements through the OMAPI service. For more information, see OMAPI Vendor Stable Interface.
  • As of Android 13-QPR, shared UIDs are deprecated. Users of Android 13 or higher should put the line `android:sharedUserMaxSdkVersion="32"` in their manifest. This entry prevents new users from getting a shared UID. For further information on UIDs, see App signing.
  • Android 13 added support Keystore symmetric cryptographic primitives such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), HMAC (Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code), and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms (including Elliptic Curve, RSA2048, RSA4096, and Curve 25519)
  • Android 13 (API level 33) and higher supports a runtime permission for sending non-exempt notifications from an app. This gives users control over which permission notifications they see.
  • Added per-use prompt for apps requesting access to all device logs, giving users the ability to allow or deny access.
  • introduced the Android Virtualization Framework (AVF), which brings together different hypervisors under one framework with standardized APIs. It provides secure and private execution environments for executing workloads isolated by hypervisor.
  • Introduced APK signature scheme v3.1 All new key rotations that use apksigner use the v3.1 signature scheme by default to target rotation for Android 13 and higher.

Check out our full AOSP release notes and the Android Developer features and changes list.

Android 12

每個 Android 版本都包含數十項安全強化功能，可保護使用者。以下列舉 Android 12 的幾項重大安全性強化功能：

  • Android 12 推出了 BiometricManager.Strings API，可為使用 BiometricPrompt 進行驗證的應用程式提供本地化字串。這些字串會考量裝置，並提供更具體的資訊，說明可能使用的驗證類型。Android 12 也支援螢幕下指紋感應器
  • 新增對螢幕下指紋感應器的支援
  • 簡介指紋 Android 介面定義語言 (AIDL)
  • 支援新的 Face AIDL
  • 介紹 Rust 做為平台開發語言
  • 新增使用者選項，只授予大概位置存取權
  • 應用程式使用相機或麥克風時，狀態列會顯示隱私權指標
  • Android 的隱私運算核心 (PCC)
  • 新增停用 2G 支援的選項

Android 11

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. For a list of some of the major security enhancements available in Android 11, see the Android Release Notes.

Android 10

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Android 10 includes several security and privacy enhancements. See the Android 10 release notes for a complete list of changes in Android 10.

Security

BoundsSanitizer

Android 10 deploys BoundsSanitizer (BoundSan) in Bluetooth and codecs. BoundSan uses UBSan's bounds sanitizer. This mitigation is enabled on a per-module level. It helps keep critical components of Android secure and shouldn't be disabled. BoundSan is enabled in the following codecs:

  • libFLAC
  • libavcdec
  • libavcenc
  • libhevcdec
  • libmpeg2
  • libopus
  • libvpx
  • libspeexresampler
  • libvorbisidec
  • libaac
  • libxaac

Execute-only memory

By default, executable code sections for AArch64 system binaries are marked execute-only (nonreadable) as a hardening mitigation against just-in-time code reuse attacks. Code that mixes data and code together and code that purposefully inspects these sections (without first remapping the memory segments as readable) no longer functions. Apps with a target SDK of Android 10 (API level 29 or higher) are impacted if the app attempts to read code sections of execute-only memory (XOM) enabled system libraries in memory without first marking the section as readable.

Extended access

Trust agents, the underlying mechanism used by tertiary authentication mechanisms such as Smart Lock, can only extend unlock in Android 10. Trust agents can no longer unlock a locked device and can only keep a device unlocked for a maximum of four hours.

Face authentication

Face authentication allows users to unlock their device simply by looking at the front of their device. Android 10 adds support for a new face authentication stack that can securely process camera frames, preserving security and privacy during face authentication on supported hardware. Android 10 also provides an easy way for security-compliant implementations to enable app integration for transactions such as online banking or other services.

Integer Overflow Sanitization

Android 10 enables Integer Overflow Sanitization (IntSan) in software codecs. Ensure that playback performance is acceptable for any codecs that aren't supported in the device's hardware. IntSan is enabled in the following codecs:

  • libFLAC
  • libavcdec
  • libavcenc
  • libhevcdec
  • libmpeg2
  • libopus
  • libvpx
  • libspeexresampler
  • libvorbisidec

Modular system components

Android 10 modularizes some Android system components and enables them to be updated outside of the normal Android release cycle. Some modules include:

OEMCrypto

Android 10 uses OEMCrypto API version 15.

Scudo

Scudo is a dynamic user-mode memory allocator designed to be more resilient against heap-related vulnerabilities. It provides the standard C allocation and deallocation primitives, as well as the C++ primitives.

ShadowCallStack

ShadowCallStack (SCS) is an LLVM instrumentation mode that protects against return address overwrites (like stack buffer overflows) by saving a function's return address to a separately allocated ShadowCallStack instance in the function prolog of nonleaf functions and loading the return address from the ShadowCallStack instance in the function epilog.

WPA3 and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open

Android 10 adds support for the Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3) and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open security standards to provide better privacy and robustness against known attacks.

Privacy

App access when targeting Android 9 or lower

If your app runs on Android 10 or higher but targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the platform applies the following behavior:

  • If your app declares a <uses-permission> element for either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds a <uses-permission> element for ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION during installation.
  • If your app requests either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION to the request.

Background activity restrictions

Starting in Android 10, the system places restrictions on starting activities from the background. This behavior change helps minimize interruptions for the user and keeps the user more in control of what's shown on their screen. As long as your app starts activities as a direct result of user interaction, your app most likely isn't affected by these restrictions.
To learn more about the recommended alternative to starting activities from the background, see the guide on how to alert users of time-sensitive events in your app.

Camera metadata

Android 10 changes the breadth of information that the getCameraCharacteristics() method returns by default. In particular, your app must have the CAMERA permission in order to access potentially device-specific metadata that is included in this method's return value.
To learn more about these changes, see the section about camera fields that require permission.

Clipboard data

Unless your app is the default input method editor (IME) or is the app that currently has focus, your app cannot access clipboard data on Android 10 or higher.

Device location

To support the additional control that users have over an app's access to location information, Android 10 introduces the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission.
Unlike the ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION and ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION permissions, the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission only affects an app's access to location when it runs in the background. An app is considered to be accessing location in the background unless one of the following conditions is satisfied:

  • An activity belonging to the app is visible.
  • The app is running a foreground service that has declared a foreground service type of location.
    To declare the foreground service type for a service in your app, set your app's targetSdkVersion or compileSdkVersion to 29 or higher. Learn more about how foreground services can continue user-initiated actions that require access to location.

External storage

By default, apps targeting Android 10 and higher are given scoped access into external storage, or scoped storage. Such apps can see the following types of files within an external storage device without needing to request any storage-related user permissions:

To learn more about scoped storage, as well as how to share, access, and modify files that are saved on external storage devices, see the guides on how to manage files in external storage and access and modify media files.

MAC address randomization

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, the system transmits randomized MAC addresses by default.
If your app handles an enterprise use case, the platform provides APIs for several operations related to MAC addresses:

  • Obtain randomized MAC address: Device owner apps and profile owner apps can retrieve the randomized MAC address assigned to a specific network by calling getRandomizedMacAddress().
  • Obtain actual, factory MAC address: Device owner apps can retrieve a device's actual hardware MAC address by calling getWifiMacAddress(). This method is useful for tracking fleets of devices.

Non-resettable device identifiers

Starting in Android 10, apps must have the READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE privileged permission in order to access the device's non-resettable identifiers, which include both IMEI and serial number.

If your app doesn't have the permission and you try asking for information about non-resettable identifiers anyway, the platform's response varies based on target SDK version:

  • If your app targets Android 10 or higher, a SecurityException occurs.
  • If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the method returns null or placeholder data if the app has the READ_PHONE_STATE permission. Otherwise, a SecurityException occurs.

Physical activity recognition

Android 10 introduces the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION runtime permission for apps that need to detect the user's step count or classify the user's physical activity, such as walking, biking, or moving in a vehicle. This is designed to give users visibility of how device sensor data is used in Settings.
Some libraries within Google Play services, such as the Activity Recognition API and the Google Fit API, don't provide results unless the user has granted your app this permission.
The only built-in sensors on the device that require you to declare this permission are the step counter and step detector sensors.
If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the system auto-grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission to your app, as needed, if your app satisfies each of the following conditions:

  • The manifest file includes the com.google.android.gms.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.
  • The manifest file doesn't include the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.

If the system-auto grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission, your app retains the permission after you update your app to target Android 10. However, the user can revoke this permission at any time in system settings.

/proc/net filesystem restrictions

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, apps cannot access /proc/net, which includes information about a device's network state. Apps that need access to this information, such as VPNs, should use the NetworkStatsManager or ConnectivityManager class.

Permission groups removed from UI

As of Android 10, apps cannot look up how permissions are grouped in the UI.

Removal of contacts affinity

Starting in Android 10, the platform doesn't keep track of contacts affinity information. As a result, if your app conducts a search on the user's contacts, the results aren't ordered by frequency of interaction.
The guide about ContactsProvider contains a notice describing the specific fields and methods that are obsolete on all devices starting in Android 10.

Restricted access to screen contents

To protect users' screen contents, Android 10 prevents silent access to the device's screen contents by changing the scope of the READ_FRAME_BUFFER, CAPTURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT, and CAPTURE_SECURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT permissions. As of Android 10, these permissions are signature-access only.
Apps that need to access the device's screen contents should use the MediaProjection API, which displays a prompt asking the user to provide consent.

USB device serial number

If your app targets Android 10 or higher, your app cannot read the serial number until the user has granted your app permission to access the USB device or accessory.
To learn more about working with USB devices, see the guide on how to configure USB hosts.

Wi-Fi

Apps targeting Android 10 or higher cannot enable or disable Wi-Fi. The WifiManager.setWifiEnabled() method always returns false.
If you need to prompt users to enable and disable Wi-Fi, use a settings panel.

Restrictions on direct access to configured Wi-Fi networks

To protect user privacy, manual configuration of the list of Wi-Fi networks is restricted to system apps and device policy controllers (DPCs). A given DPC can be either the device owner or the profile owner.
If your app targets Android 10 or higher, and it isn't a system app or a DPC, then the following methods don't return useful data:

Android 9

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. For a list of some of the major security enhancements available in Android 9, see the Android Release Notes.

Android 8

每個 Android 版本都包含數十項安全性強化功能，可保護使用者。以下列舉 Android 8.0 提供的一些主要安全性強化功能：

  • 加密。新增支援在工作資料夾中移除鍵的功能。
  • 驗證開機程序。新增 Android 驗證開機程序 (AVB)。已驗證的 Boot 程式碼庫，可在 AOSP 中新增用於開機載入器的回溯保護機制。建議為 HLOS 提供復原保護機制的啟動載入程式支援。建議使用者必須透過實體互動才能解鎖啟動載入程式。
  • 螢幕鎖定。新增使用防竄改硬體驗證鎖定螢幕憑證的支援功能。
  • KeyStore。針對搭載 Android 8.0 以上版本的所有裝置，必須進行金鑰認證。新增ID 認證支援功能，以改善零接觸註冊程序。
  • 採用沙箱機制。使用 Project Treble 的標準介面，在架構和裝置專屬元件之間，為許多元件提供更嚴密的沙箱。將 seccomp 篩選功能套用至所有不受信任的應用程式，以減少核心的受攻擊面。WebView 目前會在隔離程序中執行，對系統其他部分的存取權非常有限。
  • 核心強化。實作強化的 usercopy、PAN 模擬、啟動後唯讀，以及 KASLR。
  • 使用者空間強化。為媒體堆疊實作 CFI。應用程式疊加層無法再覆蓋系統重要視窗，使用者可以關閉疊加層。
  • 串流 OS 更新。在磁碟空間不足的裝置上啟用更新。
  • 安裝不明應用程式。使用者必須授予權限，才能從非第一方應用程式商店的來源安裝應用程式。
  • 隱私權。每個應用程式和裝置上的每位使用者，都有不同的 Android ID (SSAID) 值。針對網頁瀏覽器應用程式，Widevine 用戶端 ID 會針對每個應用程式套件名稱和網頁來源傳回不同的值。net.hostname 現已空白，且 DHCP 用戶端不再傳送主機名稱。android.os.Build.SERIAL 已改為 Build.SERIAL API，並受到使用者控管的權限保護。改善部分晶片組的 MAC 位址隨機化功能。

Android 7

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 7.0:

  • File-based encryption. Encrypting at the file level, instead of encrypting the entire storage area as a single unit, better isolates and protects individual users and profiles (such as personal and work) on a device.
  • Direct Boot. Enabled by file-based encryption, Direct Boot allows certain apps such as alarm clock and accessibility features to run when device is powered on but not unlocked.
  • Verified Boot. Verified Boot is now strictly enforced to prevent compromised devices from booting; it supports error correction to improve reliability against non-malicious data corruption.
  • SELinux. Updated SELinux configuration and increased seccomp coverage further locks down the Application Sandbox and reduces attack surface.
  • Library load-order randomization and improved ASLR. Increased randomness makes some code-reuse attacks less reliable.
  • Kernel hardening. Added additional memory protection for newer kernels by marking portions of kernel memory as read-only, restricting kernel access to userspace addresses and further reducing the existing attack surface.
  • APK signature scheme v2. Introduced a whole-file signature scheme that improves verification speed and strengthens integrity guarantees.
  • Trusted CA store. To make it easier for apps to control access to their secure network traffic, user-installed certificate authorities and those installed through Device Admin APIs are no longer trusted by default for apps targeting API Level 24+. Additionally, all new Android devices must ship with the same trusted CA store.
  • Network Security Config. Configure network security and TLS through a declarative configuration file.

Android 6

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十种用于保护用户的安全增强功能。以下是 Android 6.0 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能：

  • 运行时权限：应用在运行时请求权限，而不是在安装时被授予权限。用户可以为 M 及更低版本的 Android 应用启用和停用权限。
  • 验证启动：在执行系统软件之前，先对其进行一系列加密检查，以确保手机从引导加载程序到操作系统均处于正常状况。
  • 硬件隔离安全措施：新的硬件抽象层 (HAL)，Fingerprint API、锁定屏幕、设备加密功能和客户端证书可以利用它来保护密钥免遭内核入侵和/或现场攻击。
  • 指纹：现在，只需触摸一下，即可解锁设备。开发者还可以借助新的 API 来使用指纹锁定和解锁加密密钥。
  • 加装 SD 卡：可将移动媒体设备加装到设备上，以便扩展可用存储空间来存放本地应用数据、照片、视频等内容，但仍受块级加密保护。
  • 明文流量：开发者可以使用新的 StrictMode 来确保其应用不会使用明文。
  • 系统加固：通过由 SELinux 强制执行的政策对系统进行加固。这可以实现更好的用户隔离和 IOCTL 过滤、降低可从设备/系统之外访问的服务面临的威胁、进一步强化 SELinux 域，以及高度限制对 /proc 的访问。
  • USB 访问控制：必须由用户确认是否允许通过 USB 访问手机上的文件、存储空间或其他功能。现在，默认设置是“仅充电”，如果要访问存储空间，必须获得用户的明确许可。

Android 5

5.0

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 5.0:

  • Encrypted by default. On devices that ship with L out-of-the-box, full disk encryption is enabled by default to improve protection of data on lost or stolen devices. Devices that update to L can be encrypted in Settings > Security .
  • Improved full disk encryption. The user password is protected against brute-force attacks using scrypt and, where available, the key is bound to the hardware keystore to prevent off-device attacks. As always, the Android screen lock secret and the device encryption key are not sent off the device or exposed to any application.
  • Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux . Android now requires SELinux in enforcing mode for all domains. SELinux is a mandatory access control (MAC) system in the Linux kernel used to augment the existing discretionary access control (DAC) security model. This new layer provides additional protection against potential security vulnerabilities.
  • Smart Lock. Android now includes trustlets that provide more flexibility for unlocking devices. For example, trustlets can allow devices to be unlocked automatically when close to another trusted device (through NFC, Bluetooth) or being used by someone with a trusted face.
  • Multi user, restricted profile, and guest modes for phones and tablets. Android now provides for multiple users on phones and includes a guest mode that can be used to provide easy temporary access to your device without granting access to your data and apps.
  • Updates to WebView without OTA. WebView can now be updated independent of the framework and without a system OTA. This allows for faster response to potential security issues in WebView.
  • Updated cryptography for HTTPS and TLS/SSL. TLSv1.2 and TLSv1.1 is now enabled, Forward Secrecy is now preferred, AES-GCM is now enabled, and weak cipher suites (MD5, 3DES, and export cipher suites) are now disabled. See https://developer.android.com/reference/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocket.html for more details.
  • non-PIE linker support removed. Android now requires all dynamically linked executables to support PIE (position-independent executables). This enhances Android's address space layout randomization (ASLR) implementation.
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE improvements. The following libc functions now implement FORTIFY_SOURCE protections: stpcpy(), stpncpy(), read(), recvfrom(), FD_CLR(), FD_SET(), and FD_ISSET(). This provides protection against memory-corruption vulnerabilities involving those functions.
  • Security Fixes. Android 5.0 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members, and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Android 4 以下版本

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements available in Android 4.4:

  • Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux. Android now uses SELinux in enforcing mode. SELinux is a mandatory access control (MAC) system in the Linux kernel used to augment the existing discretionary access control (DAC) based security model. This provides additional protection against potential security vulnerabilities.
  • Per User VPN. On multi-user devices, VPNs are now applied per user. This can allow a user to route all network traffic through a VPN without affecting other users on the device.
  • ECDSA Provider support in AndroidKeyStore. Android now has a keystore provider that allows use of ECDSA and DSA algorithms.
  • Device Monitoring Warnings. Android provides users with a warning if any certificate has been added to the device certificate store that could allow monitoring of encrypted network traffic.
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE. Android now supports FORTIFY_SOURCE level 2, and all code is compiled with these protections. FORTIFY_SOURCE has been enhanced to work with clang.
  • Certificate Pinning. Android 4.4 detects and prevents the use of fraudulent Google certificates used in secure SSL/TLS communications.
  • Security Fixes. Android 4.4 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

每個 Android 版本都包含數十項安全性強化功能，可保護使用者。以下是 Android 4.3 提供的部分安全性強化功能：

  • 使用 SELinux 強化 Android 沙箱。這個版本強化了 Android 沙箱，使用 Linux 核心中的 SELinux 強制存取控制系統 (MAC)。SELinux 強化功能對使用者和開發人員而言是不可見的，可為現有的 Android 安全性模式增添穩健性，同時維持與現有應用程式的相容性。為確保持續相容性，這個版本允許在寬鬆模式下使用 SELinux。這個模式會記錄任何政策違規情形，但不會導致應用程式中斷或影響系統行為。
  • 沒有 setuid 或 setgid 程式。新增對 Android 系統檔案的檔案系統功能支援，並移除所有 setuid 或 setgid 程式。這麼做可減少根目錄攻擊面，並降低潛在安全漏洞的可能性。
  • ADB 驗證：從 Android 4.2.2 開始，ADB 連線會使用 RSA 金鑰組進行驗證。這樣一來，即使攻擊者可以實際存取裝置，也無法未經授權使用 ADB。
  • 限制 Android 應用程式中的 Setuid。 /system 分區現在會為 Zygote 產生的程序掛載 nosuid，防止 Android 應用程式執行 setuid 程式。這麼做可減少根目錄攻擊面，並降低潛在安全漏洞的可能性。
  • 能力限制。Android zygote 和 ADB 現在會在執行應用程式前使用 prctl(PR_CAPBSET_DROP) 捨棄不必要的功能。這可防止 Android 應用程式和從殼層啟動的應用程式取得特權功能。
  • AndroidKeyStore 供應器。Android 現已提供 KeyStore 供應器，可讓應用程式建立專屬使用金鑰。這會為應用程式提供 API，用於建立或儲存其他應用程式無法使用的私密金鑰。
  • KeyChain isBoundKeyAlgorithm。Keychain API 現在提供一種方法 (isBoundKeyType)，讓應用程式確認系統層級金鑰已繫結至裝置的硬體信任根目錄。這樣一來，您就能建立或儲存私密金鑰，這些金鑰無法從裝置中匯出，即使發生根層遭到入侵的情況也不例外。
  • NO_NEW_PRIVS：Android zygote 現在會使用 prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS)，在執行應用程式程式碼前封鎖新增特權。這可防止 Android 應用程式執行可透過 execve 提升權限的作業。(這需要 Linux 核心版本 3.5 以上版本)。
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE 增強功能。 在 Android x86 和 MIPS 上啟用 FORTIFY_SOURCE，並強化 strchr()、strrchr()、strlen() 和 umask() 呼叫。這可以偵測潛在的記憶體損毀漏洞或未結束的字串常數。
  • 遷移保護措施。為靜態連結的可執行檔啟用唯讀重新安置 (relro)，並移除 Android 程式碼中的所有文字重新安置。這可提供深入防護，對抗潛在的記憶體毀損漏洞。
  • 改善 EntropyMixer。EntropyMixer 除了定期混合外，現在也會在關機或重新啟動時寫入亂數。這可保留裝置開機時產生的所有熵，對於在佈建完畢後立即重新啟動裝置的情況特別實用。
  • 安全性修正項目。Android 4.3 也包含 Android 專屬安全漏洞的修正程式。我們已將這些安全漏洞的相關資訊提供給開放手持裝置聯盟成員，並在 Android 開放原始碼計畫中提供修正程式。為提升安全性，部分搭載舊版 Android 的裝置也可能包含這些修正。

Android 提供了一个多层安全模型，Android 安全性概述中对该模型进行了介绍。每个 Android 更新版本中都包含数十项用于保护用户的安全增强功能。 以下是 Android 4.2 中引入的一些安全增强功能：

  • 应用验证：用户可以选择启用“验证应用”，并且可以选择在安装应用之前由应用验证程序对应用进行筛查。如果用户尝试安装的应用可能有害，应用验证功能可以提醒用户；如果应用的危害性非常大，应用验证功能可以阻止安装。
  • 加强对付费短信的控制：如果有应用尝试向使用付费服务的短号码发送短信（可能会产生额外的费用），Android 将会通知用户。用户可以选择是允许还是阻止该应用发送短信。
  • 始终开启的 VPN：可以配置 VPN，以确保在建立 VPN 连接之前应用无法访问网络。这有助于防止应用跨其他网络发送数据。
  • 证书锁定：Android 的核心库现在支持证书锁定。如果证书未关联到一组应关联的证书，锁定的域将会收到证书验证失败消息。这有助于保护证书授权机构免遭可能的入侵。
  • 改进后的 Android 权限显示方式：权限划分到了多个对用户来说更清晰明了的组中。在审核权限时，用户可以点击权限来查看关于相应权限的更多详细信息。
  • installd 安全强化：installd 守护程序不会以 root 用户身份运行，这样可以缩小 root 提权攻击的潜在攻击面。
  • init 脚本安全强化：init 脚本现在会应用 O_NOFOLLOW 语义来防范与符号链接相关的攻击。
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE：Android 现在会实现 FORTIFY_SOURCE，以供系统库和应用用于防范内存损坏。
  • ContentProvider 默认配置：默认情况下，对于每个 content provider，以 API 级别 17 为目标的应用都会将 export 设为 false，以缩小应用的默认受攻击面。
  • 加密：修改了 SecureRandom 和 Cipher.RSA 的默认实现，以便使用 OpenSSL。为使用 OpenSSL 1.0.1 的 TLSv1.1 和 TLSv1.2 添加了安全套接字支持
  • 安全漏洞修复程序：升级了开放源代码库，在其中新增了一些安全漏洞修复程序，其中包括 WebKit、libpng、OpenSSL 和 LibXML。Android 4.2 中还包含针对 Android 特有漏洞的修复程序。有关这些漏洞的信息已提供给“开放手机联盟”(Open Handset Alliance) 成员，并且 Android 开放源代码项目中提供了相应的修复程序。为了提高安全性，部分搭载更低版本 Android 系统的设备可能也会包含这些修复程序。

Android provides a multi-layered security model described in the Android Security Overview. Each update to Android includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements introduced in Android versions 1.5 through 4.1:

Android 1.5
  • ProPolice to prevent stack buffer overruns (-fstack-protector)
  • safe_iop to reduce integer overflows
  • Extensions to OpenBSD dlmalloc to prevent double free() vulnerabilities and to prevent chunk consolidation attacks. Chunk consolidation attacks are a common way to exploit heap corruption.
  • OpenBSD calloc to prevent integer overflows during memory allocation
Android 2.3
  • Format string vulnerability protections (-Wformat-security -Werror=format-security)
  • Hardware-based No eXecute (NX) to prevent code execution on the stack and heap
  • Linux mmap_min_addr to mitigate null pointer dereference privilege escalation (further enhanced in Android 4.1)
Android 4.0
Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) to randomize key locations in memory
Android 4.1
  • PIE (Position Independent Executable) support
  • Read-only relocations / immediate binding (-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now)
  • dmesg_restrict enabled (avoid leaking kernel addresses)
  • kptr_restrict enabled (avoid leaking kernel addresses)