Renforcement de la sécurité

Android améliore en permanence ses fonctionnalités et ses offres de sécurité. Consultez les listes des améliorations par version dans le panneau de navigation de gauche.

Android 14

Chaque version d'Android inclut des dizaines d'améliorations de sécurité pour protéger les utilisateurs. Voici quelques-unes des principales améliorations de sécurité disponibles dans Android 14:

  • L'outil HWASan (Hardware-assisted AddressSanitizer), introduit dans Android 10, est un outil de détection des erreurs de mémoire semblable à AddressSanitizer. Android 14 apporte des améliorations importantes à HWASan. Découvrez comment il permet d'éviter que des bugs ne se retrouvent dans les versions Android, HWAddressSanitizer
  • Dans Android 14, à partir des applications qui partagent des données de localisation avec des tiers, la boîte de dialogue d'autorisation d'exécution du système inclut désormais une section cliquable mettant en évidence les pratiques de partage des données de l'application, y compris des informations telles que pourquoi une application peut décider de partager des données avec des tiers.
  • Android 12 a introduit une option permettant de désactiver la prise en charge de la 2G au niveau du modem, ce qui protège les utilisateurs contre le risque de sécurité inhérent au modèle de sécurité obsolète de la 2G. Conscient de l'importance de la désactivation de la 2G pour les clients professionnels, Android 14 active cette fonctionnalité de sécurité dans Android Enterprise. Les administrateurs informatiques peuvent ainsi passer à la connectivité 2G sur un appareil géré.
  • Ajout de la prise en charge du rejet des connexions mobiles chiffrées en mode nulle, ce qui garantit que le trafic vocal et SMS commuté en mode circuit est toujours chiffré et protégé contre l'interception passive par ondes radio. En savoir plus sur le programme d'Android visant à renforcer la connectivité mobile
  • Ajout de la prise en charge de plusieurs IMEI
  • Depuis Android 14, AES-HCTR2 est le mode de chiffrement des noms de fichiers privilégié pour les appareils dotés d'instructions de cryptographie accélérées.
  • Connectivité mobile
  • Documentation ajoutée pour le Centre de sécurité Android
  • Si votre application cible Android 14 et utilise le chargement dynamique du code (DCL), tous les fichiers chargés dynamiquement doivent être marqués en lecture seule. Sinon, le système génère une exception. Nous vous recommandons d'éviter le chargement dynamique de code dans la mesure du possible, car cela augmente considérablement le risque que l'application soit compromise par une injection ou une falsification de code.

Consultez les notes de version complètes d'AOSP et la liste des fonctionnalités et modifications pour les développeurs Android.

Android 13

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十种用于保护用户的安全增强功能。以下是 Android 13 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能：

  • Android 13 添加了对多文档呈现的支持。 通过这个新的 Presentation Session 接口，应用可以执行多文档呈现，而现有 API 无法做到这一点。如需了解详情，请参阅身份凭据
  • 在 Android 13 中，当且仅当源自外部应用的 intent 与其声明的 intent 过滤器元素匹配时，这些 intent 才会传送到导出的组件。
  • Open Mobile API (OMAPI) 是一种标准 API，用于与设备的安全元件进行通信。在 Android 13 之前，只有应用和框架模块可以访问此接口。通过将其转换为供应商稳定版接口，HAL 模块还能够通过 OMAPI 服务与安全元件进行通信。 如需了解详情，请参阅 OMAPI 供应商稳定版接口。
  • 从 Android 13-QPR 开始，共享 UID 被废弃。 使用 Android 13 或更高版本的用户应在其清单中添加 `android:sharedUserMaxSdkVersion="32"` 行。此条目可防止新用户获取共享 UID。如需详细了解 UID，请参阅应用签名。
  • Android 13 添加了对密钥库对称加密基元的支持，例如支持 AES（高级加密标准）、HMAC（密钥哈希消息认证码）以及非对称加密算法（包括椭圆曲线加密、RSA2048、RSA4096 和曲线 25519 加密）
  • Android 13（API 级别 33）及更高版本支持用于从应用发送非豁免通知的运行时权限。这可让用户控制他们会看到哪些权限通知。
  • 针对请求访问所有设备日志的应用，添加了在每次使用时显示提示的功能，以便用户允许或拒绝授予访问权限。
  • 推出了 Android 虚拟化框架 (AVF)，它使用标准化 API 将不同的 Hypervisor 整合到一个框架下。 它提供安全、私密的执行环境，以便执行通过 Hypervisor 隔离的工作负载。
  • 引入了 APK 签名方案 v3.1 所有使用 apksigner 的新密钥轮替都将默认使用 v3.1 签名方案，以便将 Android 13 及更高版本作为轮替目标。

请查看完整的 AOSP 版本说明以及 Android 开发者功能和变更列表。

Android 12

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 12:

  • Android 12 introduces the BiometricManager.Strings API, which provides localized strings for apps that use BiometricPrompt for authentication. These strings are intended to be device-aware and provide more specificity about which authentication types might be used. Android 12 also includes support for under-display fingerprint sensors
  • Support added for under-display fingerprint sensors
  • Introduction of the Fingerprint Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)
  • Support for new Face AIDL
  • Introduction of Rust as a language for platform development
  • The option for users to grant access only to their approximate location added
  • Added Privacy indicators on the status bar when an app is using the camera or microphone
  • Android's Private Compute Core (PCC)
  • Added an option to disable 2G support

Android 11

Chaque version d'Android comprend des dizaines d'améliorations de sécurité pour protéger les utilisateurs. Pour obtenir la liste de certaines des principales améliorations de sécurité disponibles dans Android 11, consultez les notes de version d'Android.

Android 10

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Android 10 includes several security and privacy enhancements. See the Android 10 release notes for a complete list of changes in Android 10.

Security

BoundsSanitizer

Android 10 deploys BoundsSanitizer (BoundSan) in Bluetooth and codecs. BoundSan uses UBSan's bounds sanitizer. This mitigation is enabled on a per-module level. It helps keep critical components of Android secure and shouldn't be disabled. BoundSan is enabled in the following codecs:

  • libFLAC
  • libavcdec
  • libavcenc
  • libhevcdec
  • libmpeg2
  • libopus
  • libvpx
  • libspeexresampler
  • libvorbisidec
  • libaac
  • libxaac

Execute-only memory

By default, executable code sections for AArch64 system binaries are marked execute-only (nonreadable) as a hardening mitigation against just-in-time code reuse attacks. Code that mixes data and code together and code that purposefully inspects these sections (without first remapping the memory segments as readable) no longer functions. Apps with a target SDK of Android 10 (API level 29 or higher) are impacted if the app attempts to read code sections of execute-only memory (XOM) enabled system libraries in memory without first marking the section as readable.

Extended access

Trust agents, the underlying mechanism used by tertiary authentication mechanisms such as Smart Lock, can only extend unlock in Android 10. Trust agents can no longer unlock a locked device and can only keep a device unlocked for a maximum of four hours.

Face authentication

Face authentication allows users to unlock their device simply by looking at the front of their device. Android 10 adds support for a new face authentication stack that can securely process camera frames, preserving security and privacy during face authentication on supported hardware. Android 10 also provides an easy way for security-compliant implementations to enable app integration for transactions such as online banking or other services.

Integer Overflow Sanitization

Android 10 enables Integer Overflow Sanitization (IntSan) in software codecs. Ensure that playback performance is acceptable for any codecs that aren't supported in the device's hardware. IntSan is enabled in the following codecs:

  • libFLAC
  • libavcdec
  • libavcenc
  • libhevcdec
  • libmpeg2
  • libopus
  • libvpx
  • libspeexresampler
  • libvorbisidec

Modular system components

Android 10 modularizes some Android system components and enables them to be updated outside of the normal Android release cycle. Some modules include:

OEMCrypto

Android 10 uses OEMCrypto API version 15.

Scudo

Scudo is a dynamic user-mode memory allocator designed to be more resilient against heap-related vulnerabilities. It provides the standard C allocation and deallocation primitives, as well as the C++ primitives.

ShadowCallStack

ShadowCallStack (SCS) is an LLVM instrumentation mode that protects against return address overwrites (like stack buffer overflows) by saving a function's return address to a separately allocated ShadowCallStack instance in the function prolog of nonleaf functions and loading the return address from the ShadowCallStack instance in the function epilog.

WPA3 and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open

Android 10 adds support for the Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3) and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open security standards to provide better privacy and robustness against known attacks.

Privacy

App access when targeting Android 9 or lower

If your app runs on Android 10 or higher but targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the platform applies the following behavior:

  • If your app declares a <uses-permission> element for either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds a <uses-permission> element for ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION during installation.
  • If your app requests either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION to the request.

Background activity restrictions

Starting in Android 10, the system places restrictions on starting activities from the background. This behavior change helps minimize interruptions for the user and keeps the user more in control of what's shown on their screen. As long as your app starts activities as a direct result of user interaction, your app most likely isn't affected by these restrictions.
To learn more about the recommended alternative to starting activities from the background, see the guide on how to alert users of time-sensitive events in your app.

Camera metadata

Android 10 changes the breadth of information that the getCameraCharacteristics() method returns by default. In particular, your app must have the CAMERA permission in order to access potentially device-specific metadata that is included in this method's return value.
To learn more about these changes, see the section about camera fields that require permission.

Clipboard data

Unless your app is the default input method editor (IME) or is the app that currently has focus, your app cannot access clipboard data on Android 10 or higher.

Device location

To support the additional control that users have over an app's access to location information, Android 10 introduces the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission.
Unlike the ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION and ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION permissions, the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission only affects an app's access to location when it runs in the background. An app is considered to be accessing location in the background unless one of the following conditions is satisfied:

  • An activity belonging to the app is visible.
  • The app is running a foreground service that has declared a foreground service type of location.
    To declare the foreground service type for a service in your app, set your app's targetSdkVersion or compileSdkVersion to 29 or higher. Learn more about how foreground services can continue user-initiated actions that require access to location.

External storage

By default, apps targeting Android 10 and higher are given scoped access into external storage, or scoped storage. Such apps can see the following types of files within an external storage device without needing to request any storage-related user permissions:

To learn more about scoped storage, as well as how to share, access, and modify files that are saved on external storage devices, see the guides on how to manage files in external storage and access and modify media files.

MAC address randomization

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, the system transmits randomized MAC addresses by default.
If your app handles an enterprise use case, the platform provides APIs for several operations related to MAC addresses:

  • Obtain randomized MAC address: Device owner apps and profile owner apps can retrieve the randomized MAC address assigned to a specific network by calling getRandomizedMacAddress().
  • Obtain actual, factory MAC address: Device owner apps can retrieve a device's actual hardware MAC address by calling getWifiMacAddress(). This method is useful for tracking fleets of devices.

Non-resettable device identifiers

Starting in Android 10, apps must have the READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE privileged permission in order to access the device's non-resettable identifiers, which include both IMEI and serial number.

If your app doesn't have the permission and you try asking for information about non-resettable identifiers anyway, the platform's response varies based on target SDK version:

  • If your app targets Android 10 or higher, a SecurityException occurs.
  • If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the method returns null or placeholder data if the app has the READ_PHONE_STATE permission. Otherwise, a SecurityException occurs.

Physical activity recognition

Android 10 introduces the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION runtime permission for apps that need to detect the user's step count or classify the user's physical activity, such as walking, biking, or moving in a vehicle. This is designed to give users visibility of how device sensor data is used in Settings.
Some libraries within Google Play services, such as the Activity Recognition API and the Google Fit API, don't provide results unless the user has granted your app this permission.
The only built-in sensors on the device that require you to declare this permission are the step counter and step detector sensors.
If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the system auto-grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission to your app, as needed, if your app satisfies each of the following conditions:

  • The manifest file includes the com.google.android.gms.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.
  • The manifest file doesn't include the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.

If the system-auto grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission, your app retains the permission after you update your app to target Android 10. However, the user can revoke this permission at any time in system settings.

/proc/net filesystem restrictions

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, apps cannot access /proc/net, which includes information about a device's network state. Apps that need access to this information, such as VPNs, should use the NetworkStatsManager or ConnectivityManager class.

Permission groups removed from UI

As of Android 10, apps cannot look up how permissions are grouped in the UI.

Removal of contacts affinity

Starting in Android 10, the platform doesn't keep track of contacts affinity information. As a result, if your app conducts a search on the user's contacts, the results aren't ordered by frequency of interaction.
The guide about ContactsProvider contains a notice describing the specific fields and methods that are obsolete on all devices starting in Android 10.

Restricted access to screen contents

To protect users' screen contents, Android 10 prevents silent access to the device's screen contents by changing the scope of the READ_FRAME_BUFFER, CAPTURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT, and CAPTURE_SECURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT permissions. As of Android 10, these permissions are signature-access only.
Apps that need to access the device's screen contents should use the MediaProjection API, which displays a prompt asking the user to provide consent.

USB device serial number

If your app targets Android 10 or higher, your app cannot read the serial number until the user has granted your app permission to access the USB device or accessory.
To learn more about working with USB devices, see the guide on how to configure USB hosts.

Wi-Fi

Apps targeting Android 10 or higher cannot enable or disable Wi-Fi. The WifiManager.setWifiEnabled() method always returns false.
If you need to prompt users to enable and disable Wi-Fi, use a settings panel.

Restrictions on direct access to configured Wi-Fi networks

To protect user privacy, manual configuration of the list of Wi-Fi networks is restricted to system apps and device policy controllers (DPCs). A given DPC can be either the device owner or the profile owner.
If your app targets Android 10 or higher, and it isn't a system app or a DPC, then the following methods don't return useful data:

Android 9

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. For a list of some of the major security enhancements available in Android 9, see the Android Release Notes.

Android 8

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 8.0:

  • Encryption. Added support to evict key in work profile.
  • Verified Boot. Added Android Verified Boot (AVB). Verified Boot codebase supporting rollback protection for use in boot loaders added to AOSP. Recommend bootloader support for rollback protection for the HLOS. Recommend boot loaders can only be unlocked by user physically interacting with the device.
  • Lock screen. Added support for using tamper-resistant hardware to verify lock screen credential.
  • KeyStore. Required key attestation for all devices that ship with Android 8.0+. Added ID attestation support to improve Zero Touch Enrollment.
  • Sandboxing. More tightly sandboxed many components using Project Treble's standard interface between framework and device-specific components. Applied seccomp filtering to all untrusted apps to reduce the kernel's attack surface. WebView is now run in an isolated process with very limited access to the rest of the system.
  • Kernel hardening. Implemented hardened usercopy, PAN emulation, read-only after init, and KASLR.
  • Userspace hardening. Implemented CFI for the media stack. App overlays can no longer cover system-critical windows and users have a way to dismiss them.
  • Streaming OS update. Enabled updates on devices that are are low on disk space.
  • Install unknown apps. Users must grant permission to install apps from a source that isn't a first-party app store.
  • Privacy. Android ID (SSAID) has a different value for each app and each user on the device. For web browser apps, Widevine Client ID returns a different value for each app package name and web origin. net.hostname is now empty and the dhcp client no longer sends a hostname. android.os.Build.SERIAL has been replaced with the Build.SERIAL API which is protected behind a user-controlled permission. Improved MAC address randomization in some chipsets.

Android 7

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 7.0:

  • File-based encryption. Encrypting at the file level, instead of encrypting the entire storage area as a single unit, better isolates and protects individual users and profiles (such as personal and work) on a device.
  • Direct Boot. Enabled by file-based encryption, Direct Boot allows certain apps such as alarm clock and accessibility features to run when device is powered on but not unlocked.
  • Verified Boot. Verified Boot is now strictly enforced to prevent compromised devices from booting; it supports error correction to improve reliability against non-malicious data corruption.
  • SELinux. Updated SELinux configuration and increased seccomp coverage further locks down the Application Sandbox and reduces attack surface.
  • Library load-order randomization and improved ASLR. Increased randomness makes some code-reuse attacks less reliable.
  • Kernel hardening. Added additional memory protection for newer kernels by marking portions of kernel memory as read-only, restricting kernel access to userspace addresses and further reducing the existing attack surface.
  • APK signature scheme v2. Introduced a whole-file signature scheme that improves verification speed and strengthens integrity guarantees.
  • Trusted CA store. To make it easier for apps to control access to their secure network traffic, user-installed certificate authorities and those installed through Device Admin APIs are no longer trusted by default for apps targeting API Level 24+. Additionally, all new Android devices must ship with the same trusted CA store.
  • Network Security Config. Configure network security and TLS through a declarative configuration file.

Android 6

Chaque version d'Android comprend des dizaines d'améliorations de sécurité pour protéger les utilisateurs. Voici quelques-unes des principales améliorations de sécurité disponibles dans Android 6.0:

  • Autorisations d'exécution Les applications demandent des autorisations au moment de l'exécution au lieu d'être accordées au moment de l'installation de l'application. Les utilisateurs peuvent activer et désactiver les autorisations pour les applications M et antérieures.
  • Démarrage validé Un ensemble de vérifications cryptographiques du logiciel système est effectué avant l'exécution pour s'assurer que le téléphone est en bon état, du bootloader au système d'exploitation.
  • Sécurité isolée par matériel Nouvelle couche d'abstraction matérielle (HAL) utilisée par l'API Fingerprint, l'écran de verrouillage, le chiffrement de l'appareil et les certificats client pour protéger les clés contre la compromission du noyau et/ou les attaques physiques locales
  • Empreintes digitales Les appareils peuvent désormais être déverrouillés d'une simple pression du doigt. Les développeurs peuvent également utiliser les nouvelles API pour verrouiller et déverrouiller des clés de chiffrement à l'aide d'empreintes digitales.
  • Adoption de la carte SD Les supports amovibles peuvent être adoptés sur un appareil et augmenter l'espace de stockage disponible pour les données locales de l'application, les photos, les vidéos, etc., tout en étant protégés par le chiffrement au niveau des blocs.
  • Trafic en texte clair Les développeurs peuvent utiliser un nouveau mode strict pour s'assurer que leur application n'utilise pas de texte clair.
  • Renforcement du système. Durcissement du système via des règles appliquées par SELinux. Cela offre une meilleure isolation entre les utilisateurs, un filtrage IOCTL, une réduction de la menace des services exposés, un renforcement supplémentaire des domaines SELinux et un accès /proc extrêmement limité.
  • Contrôle des accès USB:les utilisateurs doivent confirmer pour autoriser l'accès USB aux fichiers, au stockage ou à d'autres fonctionnalités du téléphone. La valeur par défaut est désormais Charger uniquement, avec un accès au stockage nécessitant l'approbation explicite de l'utilisateur.

Android 5

5,0

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 5.0:

  • Encrypted by default. On devices that ship with L out-of-the-box, full disk encryption is enabled by default to improve protection of data on lost or stolen devices. Devices that update to L can be encrypted in Settings > Security .
  • Improved full disk encryption. The user password is protected against brute-force attacks using scrypt and, where available, the key is bound to the hardware keystore to prevent off-device attacks. As always, the Android screen lock secret and the device encryption key are not sent off the device or exposed to any application.
  • Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux . Android now requires SELinux in enforcing mode for all domains. SELinux is a mandatory access control (MAC) system in the Linux kernel used to augment the existing discretionary access control (DAC) security model. This new layer provides additional protection against potential security vulnerabilities.
  • Smart Lock. Android now includes trustlets that provide more flexibility for unlocking devices. For example, trustlets can allow devices to be unlocked automatically when close to another trusted device (through NFC, Bluetooth) or being used by someone with a trusted face.
  • Multi user, restricted profile, and guest modes for phones and tablets. Android now provides for multiple users on phones and includes a guest mode that can be used to provide easy temporary access to your device without granting access to your data and apps.
  • Updates to WebView without OTA. WebView can now be updated independent of the framework and without a system OTA. This allows for faster response to potential security issues in WebView.
  • Updated cryptography for HTTPS and TLS/SSL. TLSv1.2 and TLSv1.1 is now enabled, Forward Secrecy is now preferred, AES-GCM is now enabled, and weak cipher suites (MD5, 3DES, and export cipher suites) are now disabled. See https://developer.android.com/reference/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocket.html for more details.
  • non-PIE linker support removed. Android now requires all dynamically linked executables to support PIE (position-independent executables). This enhances Android's address space layout randomization (ASLR) implementation.
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE improvements. The following libc functions now implement FORTIFY_SOURCE protections: stpcpy(), stpncpy(), read(), recvfrom(), FD_CLR(), FD_SET(), and FD_ISSET(). This provides protection against memory-corruption vulnerabilities involving those functions.
  • Security Fixes. Android 5.0 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members, and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Android 4 ou version antérieure

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十项用于保护用户的安全增强功能。以下是 Android 4.4 中提供的一些安全增强功能：

  • 通过 SELinux 得到增强的 Android 沙盒。 Android 现在以强制模式使用 SELinux。SELinux 是 Linux 内核中的强制访问控制 (MAC) 系统，用于增强基于自主访问控制 (DAC) 的现有安全模型。 这为防范潜在的安全漏洞提供了额外的保护屏障。
  • 按用户应用 VPN。 在多用户设备上，现在按用户应用 VPN。 这样一来，用户就可以通过一个 VPN 路由所有网络流量，而不会影响使用同一设备的其他用户。
  • AndroidKeyStore 中的 ECDSA 提供程序支持。 Android 现在有一个允许使用 ECDSA 和 DSA 算法的密钥库提供程序。
  • 设备监测警告。 如果有任何可能允许监测加密网络流量的证书添加到设备证书库中，Android 都会向用户发出警告。
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE。 Android 现在支持 FORTIFY_SOURCE 第 2 级，并且所有代码在编译时都会受到这些保护。FORTIFY_SOURCE 已得到增强，能够与 Clang 配合使用。
  • 证书锁定。 Android 4.4 能够检测安全的 SSL/TLS 通信中是否使用了欺诈性 Google 证书，并且能够阻止这种行为。
  • 安全修复程序。 Android 4.4 中还包含针对 Android 特有漏洞的修复程序。 有关这些漏洞的信息已提供给“开放手机联盟”(Open Handset Alliance) 成员，并且 Android 开源项目中提供了相应的修复程序。为了提高安全性，搭载更低版本 Android 的某些设备可能也会包含这些修复程序。

Chaque version d'Android comprend des dizaines d'améliorations de sécurité pour protéger les utilisateurs. Voici quelques-unes des améliorations de sécurité disponibles dans Android 4.3:

  • Bac à sable Android renforcé avec SELinux Cette version renforce le bac à sable Android à l'aide du système de contrôle d'accès obligatoire (MAC) SELinux dans le noyau Linux. Le renforcement de SELinux est invisible pour les utilisateurs et les développeurs, et ajoute de la robustesse au modèle de sécurité Android existant tout en conservant la compatibilité avec les applications existantes. Pour assurer la compatibilité, cette version permet d'utiliser SELinux en mode permissif. Ce mode consigne tous les cas de non-respect des règles, mais ne casse pas les applications ni n'affecte le comportement du système.
  • Aucun programme setuid ou setgid. Ajout de la compatibilité avec les fonctionnalités de système de fichiers aux fichiers système Android et suppression de tous les programmes setuid ou setgid. Cela réduit la surface d'attaque de la racine et la probabilité de failles de sécurité potentielles.
  • Authentification ADB À partir d'Android 4.2.2, les connexions à ADB sont authentifiées à l'aide d'une paire de clés RSA. Cela empêche l'utilisation non autorisée d'ADB lorsque le pirate informatique dispose d'un accès physique à un appareil.
  • Limitez Setuid dans les applications Android. La partition /system est désormais montée en mode nosuid pour les processus créés par zygote, ce qui empêche les applications Android d'exécuter des programmes setuid. Cela réduit la surface d'attaque de la racine et la probabilité de failles de sécurité potentielles.
  • Limites de capacité. Android zygote et ADB utilisent désormais prctl(PR_CAPBSET_DROP) pour supprimer les fonctionnalités inutiles avant d'exécuter les applications. Cela empêche les applications Android et les applications lancées à partir de la coque d'acquérir des fonctionnalités privilégiées.
  • Fournisseur AndroidKeyStore Android dispose désormais d'un fournisseur de keystore qui permet aux applications de créer des clés d'utilisation exclusives. Cela fournit aux applications une API permettant de créer ou de stocker des clés privées qui ne peuvent pas être utilisées par d'autres applications.
  • KeyChain isBoundKeyAlgorithm. L'API Keychain fournit désormais une méthode (isBoundKeyType) qui permet aux applications de confirmer que les clés à l'échelle du système sont liées à une racine de confiance matérielle pour l'appareil. Cela permet de créer ou de stocker des clés privées qui ne peuvent pas être exportées depuis l'appareil, même en cas de compromission du root.
  • NO_NEW_PRIVS : le zygote Android utilise désormais prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS) pour bloquer l'ajout de nouveaux droits d'accès avant l'exécution du code de l'application. Cela empêche les applications Android d'effectuer des opérations pouvant accroître les droits d'accès via execve. (cela nécessite la version 3.5 ou ultérieure du noyau Linux).
  • Améliorations apportées à FORTIFY_SOURCE. Activation de FORTIFY_SOURCE sur Android x86 et MIPS, et renforcement des appels strchr(), strrchr(), strlen() et umask(). Cela peut détecter des failles potentielles de corruption de mémoire ou des constantes de chaîne non terminées.
  • Protections contre les transferts Activation des relocations en lecture seule (relro) pour les exécutables liés de manière statique et suppression de toutes les relocations de texte dans le code Android. Cela offre une défense en profondeur contre les failles de corruption de mémoire potentielles.
  • Amélioration d'EntropyMixer. EntropyMixer écrit désormais l'entropie au moment de l'arrêt ou du redémarrage, en plus du mélange périodique. Cela permet de conserver toute l'entropie générée lorsque les appareils sont allumés, et est particulièrement utile pour les appareils qui sont redémarrés immédiatement après le provisionnement.
  • Correctifs de sécurité Android 4.3 inclut également des correctifs pour les failles spécifiques à Android. Des informations sur ces failles ont été fournies aux membres de l'Open Handset Alliance, et des correctifs sont disponibles dans le projet Android Open Source. Pour améliorer la sécurité, certains appareils équipés de versions antérieures d'Android peuvent également inclure ces correctifs.

Android provides a multi-layered security model described in the Android Security Overview. Each update to Android includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements introduced in Android 4.2:

  • App verification: Users can choose to enable Verify Apps and have apps screened by an app verifier, prior to installation. App verification can alert the user if they try to install an app that might be harmful; if an app is especially bad, it can block installation.
  • More control of premium SMS: Android provides a notification if an app attempts to send SMS to a short code that uses premium services that might cause additional charges. The user can choose whether to allow the app to send the message or block it.
  • Always-on VPN: VPN can be configured so that apps won't have access to the network until a VPN connection is established. This prevents apps from sending data across other networks.
  • Certificate pinning: The Android core libraries now support certificate pinning. Pinned domains receive a certificate validation failure if the certificate doesn't chain to a set of expected certificates. This protects against possible compromise of certificate authorities.
  • Improved display of Android permissions: Permissions are organized into groups that are more easily understood by users. During review of the permissions, the user can click on the permission to see more detailed information about the permission.
  • installd hardening: The installd daemon does not run as the root user, reducing potential attack surface for root privilege escalation.
  • init script hardening: init scripts now apply O_NOFOLLOW semantics to prevent symlink related attacks.
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE: Android now implements FORTIFY_SOURCE. This is used by system libraries and apps to prevent memory corruption.
  • ContentProvider default configuration: Apps that target API level 17 have export set to false by default for each Content Provider, reducing default attack surface for apps.
  • Cryptography: Modified the default implementations of SecureRandom and Cipher.RSA to use OpenSSL. Added SSL Socket support for TLSv1.1 and TLSv1.2 using OpenSSL 1.0.1
  • Security fixes: Upgraded open source libraries with security fixes include WebKit, libpng, OpenSSL, and LibXML. Android 4.2 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Android provides a multi-layered security model described in the Android Security Overview. Each update to Android includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements introduced in Android versions 1.5 through 4.1:

Android 1.5
  • ProPolice to prevent stack buffer overruns (-fstack-protector)
  • safe_iop to reduce integer overflows
  • Extensions to OpenBSD dlmalloc to prevent double free() vulnerabilities and to prevent chunk consolidation attacks. Chunk consolidation attacks are a common way to exploit heap corruption.
  • OpenBSD calloc to prevent integer overflows during memory allocation
Android 2.3
  • Format string vulnerability protections (-Wformat-security -Werror=format-security)
  • Hardware-based No eXecute (NX) to prevent code execution on the stack and heap
  • Linux mmap_min_addr to mitigate null pointer dereference privilege escalation (further enhanced in Android 4.1)
Android 4.0
Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) to randomize key locations in memory
Android 4.1
  • PIE (Position Independent Executable) support
  • Read-only relocations / immediate binding (-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now)
  • dmesg_restrict enabled (avoid leaking kernel addresses)
  • kptr_restrict enabled (avoid leaking kernel addresses)