تحسينات الأمان

يحسّن Android باستمرار إمكانات الأمان والعروض. يمكنك الاطّلاع على قوائم التحسينات حسب الإصدار في شريط التنقّل الأيمن.

Android 14

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十种安全增强功能，以保护用户。以下是 Android 14 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能：

  • Android 10 中引入的硬件辅助 AddressSanitizer (HWASan) 是一款类似于 AddressSanitizer 的内存错误检测工具。Android 14 对 HWASan 进行了重大改进。如需了解它如何帮助防止 bug 进入 Android 版本，请访问 HWAddressSanitizer
  • 在 Android 14 中，从与第三方共享位置数据的应用开始，系统运行时权限对话框现在包含一个可点击的部分，用于突出显示应用的数据分享做法，包括诸如以下信息：应用为什么可能会决定与第三方分享数据。
  • Android 12 引入了在调制解调器级别停用 2G 支持的选项，以保护用户免受 2G 的过时安全模型固有的安全风险的影响。认识到停用 2G 对企业客户的重要性后，Android 14 在 Android Enterprise 中启用了此安全功能，以便 IT 管理员能够限制受管设备降级到 2G 连接。
  • 开始支持拒绝未加密的移动网络连接，确保电路交换语音和短信流量始终会加密，并可防范被动无线拦截。详细了解 Android 的移动网络连接强化计划。
  • 新增了对多个 IMEI 的支持
  • 从 Android 14 开始，AES-HCTR2 是采用加速加密指令的设备的首选文件名加密模式。
  • 移动网络连接
  • 在 Android 安全中心添加了相关文档
  • 如果您的应用以 Android 14 为目标平台并使用动态代码加载 (DCL) 功能，则必须将所有动态加载的文件标记为只读。否则，系统会抛出异常。我们建议应用尽可能避免动态加载代码，因为这样做会大大增加应用因代码注入或代码篡改而遭到入侵的风险。

请查看完整的 AOSP 版本说明以及 Android 开发者功能和变更列表。

Android 13

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 13:

  • Android 13 adds multi-document presentation support. This new Presentation Session interface enables an app to do a multi-document presentation, something which isn't possible with the existing API. For further information, refer to Identity Credential
  • In Android 13, intents originating from external apps are delivered to an exported component if and only if the intents match their declared intent-filter elements.
  • Open Mobile API (OMAPI) is a standard API used to communicate with a device's Secure Element. Before Android 13, only apps and framework modules had access to this interface. By converting it to a vendor stable interface, HAL modules are also capable of communicating with the secure elements through the OMAPI service. For more information, see OMAPI Vendor Stable Interface.
  • As of Android 13-QPR, shared UIDs are deprecated. Users of Android 13 or higher should put the line `android:sharedUserMaxSdkVersion="32"` in their manifest. This entry prevents new users from getting a shared UID. For further information on UIDs, see App signing.
  • Android 13 added support Keystore symmetric cryptographic primitives such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), HMAC (Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code), and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms (including Elliptic Curve, RSA2048, RSA4096, and Curve 25519)
  • Android 13 (API level 33) and higher supports a runtime permission for sending non-exempt notifications from an app. This gives users control over which permission notifications they see.
  • Added per-use prompt for apps requesting access to all device logs, giving users the ability to allow or deny access.
  • introduced the Android Virtualization Framework (AVF), which brings together different hypervisors under one framework with standardized APIs. It provides secure and private execution environments for executing workloads isolated by hypervisor.
  • Introduced APK signature scheme v3.1 All new key rotations that use apksigner use the v3.1 signature scheme by default to target rotation for Android 13 and higher.

Check out our full AOSP release notes and the Android Developer features and changes list.

Android 12

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 12:

  • Android 12 introduces the BiometricManager.Strings API, which provides localized strings for apps that use BiometricPrompt for authentication. These strings are intended to be device-aware and provide more specificity about which authentication types might be used. Android 12 also includes support for under-display fingerprint sensors
  • Support added for under-display fingerprint sensors
  • Introduction of the Fingerprint Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)
  • Support for new Face AIDL
  • Introduction of Rust as a language for platform development
  • The option for users to grant access only to their approximate location added
  • Added Privacy indicators on the status bar when an app is using the camera or microphone
  • Android's Private Compute Core (PCC)
  • Added an option to disable 2G support

Android 11

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十项用于保护用户的安全增强功能。如需查看 Android 11 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能的列表，请参阅 Android 版本说明。

Android 10

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Android 10 includes several security and privacy enhancements. See the Android 10 release notes for a complete list of changes in Android 10.

Security

BoundsSanitizer

Android 10 deploys BoundsSanitizer (BoundSan) in Bluetooth and codecs. BoundSan uses UBSan's bounds sanitizer. This mitigation is enabled on a per-module level. It helps keep critical components of Android secure and shouldn't be disabled. BoundSan is enabled in the following codecs:

  • libFLAC
  • libavcdec
  • libavcenc
  • libhevcdec
  • libmpeg2
  • libopus
  • libvpx
  • libspeexresampler
  • libvorbisidec
  • libaac
  • libxaac

Execute-only memory

By default, executable code sections for AArch64 system binaries are marked execute-only (nonreadable) as a hardening mitigation against just-in-time code reuse attacks. Code that mixes data and code together and code that purposefully inspects these sections (without first remapping the memory segments as readable) no longer functions. Apps with a target SDK of Android 10 (API level 29 or higher) are impacted if the app attempts to read code sections of execute-only memory (XOM) enabled system libraries in memory without first marking the section as readable.

Extended access

Trust agents, the underlying mechanism used by tertiary authentication mechanisms such as Smart Lock, can only extend unlock in Android 10. Trust agents can no longer unlock a locked device and can only keep a device unlocked for a maximum of four hours.

Face authentication

Face authentication allows users to unlock their device simply by looking at the front of their device. Android 10 adds support for a new face authentication stack that can securely process camera frames, preserving security and privacy during face authentication on supported hardware. Android 10 also provides an easy way for security-compliant implementations to enable app integration for transactions such as online banking or other services.

Integer Overflow Sanitization

Android 10 enables Integer Overflow Sanitization (IntSan) in software codecs. Ensure that playback performance is acceptable for any codecs that aren't supported in the device's hardware. IntSan is enabled in the following codecs:

  • libFLAC
  • libavcdec
  • libavcenc
  • libhevcdec
  • libmpeg2
  • libopus
  • libvpx
  • libspeexresampler
  • libvorbisidec

Modular system components

Android 10 modularizes some Android system components and enables them to be updated outside of the normal Android release cycle. Some modules include:

OEMCrypto

Android 10 uses OEMCrypto API version 15.

Scudo

Scudo is a dynamic user-mode memory allocator designed to be more resilient against heap-related vulnerabilities. It provides the standard C allocation and deallocation primitives, as well as the C++ primitives.

ShadowCallStack

ShadowCallStack (SCS) is an LLVM instrumentation mode that protects against return address overwrites (like stack buffer overflows) by saving a function's return address to a separately allocated ShadowCallStack instance in the function prolog of nonleaf functions and loading the return address from the ShadowCallStack instance in the function epilog.

WPA3 and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open

Android 10 adds support for the Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3) and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open security standards to provide better privacy and robustness against known attacks.

Privacy

App access when targeting Android 9 or lower

If your app runs on Android 10 or higher but targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the platform applies the following behavior:

  • If your app declares a <uses-permission> element for either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds a <uses-permission> element for ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION during installation.
  • If your app requests either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION to the request.

Background activity restrictions

Starting in Android 10, the system places restrictions on starting activities from the background. This behavior change helps minimize interruptions for the user and keeps the user more in control of what's shown on their screen. As long as your app starts activities as a direct result of user interaction, your app most likely isn't affected by these restrictions.
To learn more about the recommended alternative to starting activities from the background, see the guide on how to alert users of time-sensitive events in your app.

Camera metadata

Android 10 changes the breadth of information that the getCameraCharacteristics() method returns by default. In particular, your app must have the CAMERA permission in order to access potentially device-specific metadata that is included in this method's return value.
To learn more about these changes, see the section about camera fields that require permission.

Clipboard data

Unless your app is the default input method editor (IME) or is the app that currently has focus, your app cannot access clipboard data on Android 10 or higher.

Device location

To support the additional control that users have over an app's access to location information, Android 10 introduces the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission.
Unlike the ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION and ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION permissions, the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission only affects an app's access to location when it runs in the background. An app is considered to be accessing location in the background unless one of the following conditions is satisfied:

  • An activity belonging to the app is visible.
  • The app is running a foreground service that has declared a foreground service type of location.
    To declare the foreground service type for a service in your app, set your app's targetSdkVersion or compileSdkVersion to 29 or higher. Learn more about how foreground services can continue user-initiated actions that require access to location.

External storage

By default, apps targeting Android 10 and higher are given scoped access into external storage, or scoped storage. Such apps can see the following types of files within an external storage device without needing to request any storage-related user permissions:

To learn more about scoped storage, as well as how to share, access, and modify files that are saved on external storage devices, see the guides on how to manage files in external storage and access and modify media files.

MAC address randomization

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, the system transmits randomized MAC addresses by default.
If your app handles an enterprise use case, the platform provides APIs for several operations related to MAC addresses:

  • Obtain randomized MAC address: Device owner apps and profile owner apps can retrieve the randomized MAC address assigned to a specific network by calling getRandomizedMacAddress().
  • Obtain actual, factory MAC address: Device owner apps can retrieve a device's actual hardware MAC address by calling getWifiMacAddress(). This method is useful for tracking fleets of devices.

Non-resettable device identifiers

Starting in Android 10, apps must have the READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE privileged permission in order to access the device's non-resettable identifiers, which include both IMEI and serial number.

If your app doesn't have the permission and you try asking for information about non-resettable identifiers anyway, the platform's response varies based on target SDK version:

  • If your app targets Android 10 or higher, a SecurityException occurs.
  • If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the method returns null or placeholder data if the app has the READ_PHONE_STATE permission. Otherwise, a SecurityException occurs.

Physical activity recognition

Android 10 introduces the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION runtime permission for apps that need to detect the user's step count or classify the user's physical activity, such as walking, biking, or moving in a vehicle. This is designed to give users visibility of how device sensor data is used in Settings.
Some libraries within Google Play services, such as the Activity Recognition API and the Google Fit API, don't provide results unless the user has granted your app this permission.
The only built-in sensors on the device that require you to declare this permission are the step counter and step detector sensors.
If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the system auto-grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission to your app, as needed, if your app satisfies each of the following conditions:

  • The manifest file includes the com.google.android.gms.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.
  • The manifest file doesn't include the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.

If the system-auto grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission, your app retains the permission after you update your app to target Android 10. However, the user can revoke this permission at any time in system settings.

/proc/net filesystem restrictions

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, apps cannot access /proc/net, which includes information about a device's network state. Apps that need access to this information, such as VPNs, should use the NetworkStatsManager or ConnectivityManager class.

Permission groups removed from UI

As of Android 10, apps cannot look up how permissions are grouped in the UI.

Removal of contacts affinity

Starting in Android 10, the platform doesn't keep track of contacts affinity information. As a result, if your app conducts a search on the user's contacts, the results aren't ordered by frequency of interaction.
The guide about ContactsProvider contains a notice describing the specific fields and methods that are obsolete on all devices starting in Android 10.

Restricted access to screen contents

To protect users' screen contents, Android 10 prevents silent access to the device's screen contents by changing the scope of the READ_FRAME_BUFFER, CAPTURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT, and CAPTURE_SECURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT permissions. As of Android 10, these permissions are signature-access only.
Apps that need to access the device's screen contents should use the MediaProjection API, which displays a prompt asking the user to provide consent.

USB device serial number

If your app targets Android 10 or higher, your app cannot read the serial number until the user has granted your app permission to access the USB device or accessory.
To learn more about working with USB devices, see the guide on how to configure USB hosts.

Wi-Fi

Apps targeting Android 10 or higher cannot enable or disable Wi-Fi. The WifiManager.setWifiEnabled() method always returns false.
If you need to prompt users to enable and disable Wi-Fi, use a settings panel.

Restrictions on direct access to configured Wi-Fi networks

To protect user privacy, manual configuration of the list of Wi-Fi networks is restricted to system apps and device policy controllers (DPCs). A given DPC can be either the device owner or the profile owner.
If your app targets Android 10 or higher, and it isn't a system app or a DPC, then the following methods don't return useful data:

الإصدار 9 من نظام التشغيل Android

يتضمّن كل إصدار من إصدارات Android العشرات من التحسينات الأمنية التي تهدف إلى حمايتها. المستخدمين. للحصول على قائمة ببعض التحسينات الرئيسية على الأمان المتاحة في الإصدار 9 من Android، يُرجى الاطّلاع على ملاحظات الإصدار من Android.

Android 8

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 8.0:

  • Encryption. Added support to evict key in work profile.
  • Verified Boot. Added Android Verified Boot (AVB). Verified Boot codebase supporting rollback protection for use in boot loaders added to AOSP. Recommend bootloader support for rollback protection for the HLOS. Recommend boot loaders can only be unlocked by user physically interacting with the device.
  • Lock screen. Added support for using tamper-resistant hardware to verify lock screen credential.
  • KeyStore. Required key attestation for all devices that ship with Android 8.0+. Added ID attestation support to improve Zero Touch Enrollment.
  • Sandboxing. More tightly sandboxed many components using Project Treble's standard interface between framework and device-specific components. Applied seccomp filtering to all untrusted apps to reduce the kernel's attack surface. WebView is now run in an isolated process with very limited access to the rest of the system.
  • Kernel hardening. Implemented hardened usercopy, PAN emulation, read-only after init, and KASLR.
  • Userspace hardening. Implemented CFI for the media stack. App overlays can no longer cover system-critical windows and users have a way to dismiss them.
  • Streaming OS update. Enabled updates on devices that are are low on disk space.
  • Install unknown apps. Users must grant permission to install apps from a source that isn't a first-party app store.
  • Privacy. Android ID (SSAID) has a different value for each app and each user on the device. For web browser apps, Widevine Client ID returns a different value for each app package name and web origin. net.hostname is now empty and the dhcp client no longer sends a hostname. android.os.Build.SERIAL has been replaced with the Build.SERIAL API which is protected behind a user-controlled permission. Improved MAC address randomization in some chipsets.

Android 7

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十项用于保护用户的安全增强功能。以下是 Android 7.0 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能：

  • 文件级加密：在文件级进行加密，而不是将整个存储区域作为单个单元进行加密。这种加密方式可以更好地隔离和保护设备上的不同用户和资料（例如个人资料和工作资料）。
  • 直接启动：通过文件级加密实现，允许特定应用（例如，闹钟和无障碍功能）在设备已开机但未解锁的情况下运行。
  • 验证启动：现在，验证启动会被严格强制执行，从而使遭到入侵的设备无法启动；验证启动支持纠错功能，有助于更可靠地防范非恶意数据损坏。
  • SELinux。更新后的 SELinux 配置和更高的 Seccomp 覆盖率有助于进一步锁定应用沙盒并减小受攻击面。
  • 库加载顺序随机化和改进的 ASLR。 增大随机性降低了某些代码重用攻击的有效性。
  • 内核加固：通过将内核内存的各个分区标记为只读，限制内核对用户空间地址的访问，并进一步减小现有的受攻击面，为更高版本的内核添加额外的内存保护。
  • APK 签名方案 v2：引入了一种全文件签名方案，该方案有助于加快验证速度并增强完整性保证。
  • 可信 CA 存储区。为了使应用更容易控制对其安全网络流量的访问，对于 API 级别为 24 及以上的应用，由用户安装的证书颁发机构以及通过 Device Admin API 安装的证书颁发机构在默认情况下不再受信任。此外，所有新的 Android 设备必须搭载相同的可信 CA 存储区。
  • 网络安全配置。通过声明式配置文件来配置网络安全设置和传输层安全协议 (TLS)。

الإصدار 6 من نظام التشغيل Android

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十种用于保护用户的安全增强功能。以下是 Android 6.0 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能：

  • 运行时权限：应用在运行时请求权限，而不是在安装时被授予权限。用户可以为 M 及更低版本的 Android 应用启用和停用权限。
  • 验证启动：在执行系统软件之前，先对其进行一系列加密检查，以确保手机从引导加载程序到操作系统均处于正常状况。
  • 硬件隔离安全措施：新的硬件抽象层 (HAL)，Fingerprint API、锁定屏幕、设备加密功能和客户端证书可以利用它来保护密钥免遭内核入侵和/或现场攻击。
  • 指纹：现在，只需触摸一下，即可解锁设备。开发者还可以借助新的 API 来使用指纹锁定和解锁加密密钥。
  • 加装 SD 卡：可将移动媒体设备加装到设备上，以便扩展可用存储空间来存放本地应用数据、照片、视频等内容，但仍受块级加密保护。
  • 明文流量：开发者可以使用新的 StrictMode 来确保其应用不会使用明文。
  • 系统加固：通过由 SELinux 强制执行的政策对系统进行加固。这可以实现更好的用户隔离和 IOCTL 过滤、降低可从设备/系统之外访问的服务面临的威胁、进一步强化 SELinux 域，以及高度限制对 /proc 的访问。
  • USB 访问控制：必须由用户确认是否允许通过 USB 访问手机上的文件、存储空间或其他功能。现在，默认设置是“仅充电”，如果要访问存储空间，必须获得用户的明确许可。

Android 5

5

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十项用于保护用户的安全增强功能。以下是 Android 5.0 中提供的一些主要安全增强功能：

  • 默认加密。在以开箱即用的方式搭载 L 的设备上，会默认启用全盘加密功能，以便更好地保护丢失设备或被盗设备上的数据。对于更新到 L 的设备，可以在设置 > 安全性部分进行加密。
  • 经过改进的全盘加密功能。使用 scrypt 保护用户密码免遭暴力破解攻击；在可能的情况下，该密钥会绑定到硬件密钥库，以防范来自设备外的攻击。 和以往一样，Android 屏幕锁定密钥和设备加密密钥不会被发送到设备以外，也不会提供给任何应用。
  • 通过 SELinux 得到增强的 Android 沙盒。对于所有域，Android 现在都要求 SELinux 处于强制模式。SELinux 是 Linux 内核中的强制访问控制 (MAC) 系统，用于增强现有的自主访问控制 (DAC) 安全模型。这个新的安全层为防范潜在的安全漏洞提供了额外的保护屏障。
  • Smart Lock。Android 现在包含一些 Trustlet，它们可以提供更灵活的设备解锁方式。 例如，Trustlet 可让设备在靠近其他可信设备时自动解锁（通过 NFC、蓝牙），或让设备在用户拥有可信面孔时自动解锁。
  • 面向手机和平板电脑的多用户功能、受限个人资料和访客模式。Android 现在为手机提供了多用户功能，并包含一个访客模式。利用访客模式，您可以让访客轻松地临时使用您的设备，而不向他们授予对您的数据和应用的访问权限。
  • 不使用 OTA 的 WebView 更新方式。现在可以独立于框架对 WebView 进行更新，而且无需采用系统 OTA 方式。 这有助于更快速地应对 WebView 中的潜在安全问题。
  • 经过更新的 HTTPS 和 TLS/SSL 加密功能。现在启用了 TLSv1.2 和 TLSv1.1，首选是正向加密，启用了 AES-GCM，停用了弱加密套件（MD5、3DES 和导出密码套件）。如需了解详情，请访问 https://developer.android.com/reference/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocket.html。
  • 移除了非 PIE 链接器支持。Android 现在要求所有动态链接的可执行文件都要支持 PIE（位置无关可执行文件）。这有助于增强 Android 的地址空间布局随机化 (ASLR) 实现。
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE 改进。以下 libc 函数现在实现了 FORTIFY_SOURCE 保护功能：stpcpy()、stpncpy()、read()、recvfrom()、FD_CLR()、FD_SET() 和 FD_ISSET()。这有助于防范涉及这些函数的内存损坏漏洞。
  • 安全修复程序。Android 5.0 中还包含针对 Android 特有漏洞的修复程序。有关这些漏洞的信息已提供给“开放手机联盟”(Open Handset Alliance) 成员，并且 Android 开放源代码项目中提供了相应的修复程序。为了提高安全性，部分搭载更低版本 Android 系统的设备可能也会包含这些修复程序。

الإصدار 4 من نظام التشغيل Android والإصدارات الأقدم

每个 Android 版本中都包含数十项用于保护用户的安全增强功能。以下是 Android 4.4 中提供的一些安全增强功能：

  • 通过 SELinux 得到增强的 Android 沙盒。 Android 现在以强制模式使用 SELinux。SELinux 是 Linux 内核中的强制访问控制 (MAC) 系统，用于增强基于自主访问控制 (DAC) 的现有安全模型。 这为防范潜在的安全漏洞提供了额外的保护屏障。
  • 按用户应用 VPN。 在多用户设备上，现在按用户应用 VPN。 这样一来，用户就可以通过一个 VPN 路由所有网络流量，而不会影响使用同一设备的其他用户。
  • AndroidKeyStore 中的 ECDSA 提供程序支持。 Android 现在有一个允许使用 ECDSA 和 DSA 算法的密钥库提供程序。
  • 设备监测警告。 如果有任何可能允许监测加密网络流量的证书添加到设备证书库中，Android 都会向用户发出警告。
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE。 Android 现在支持 FORTIFY_SOURCE 第 2 级，并且所有代码在编译时都会受到这些保护。FORTIFY_SOURCE 已得到增强，能够与 Clang 配合使用。
  • 证书锁定。 Android 4.4 能够检测安全的 SSL/TLS 通信中是否使用了欺诈性 Google 证书，并且能够阻止这种行为。
  • 安全修复程序。 Android 4.4 中还包含针对 Android 特有漏洞的修复程序。 有关这些漏洞的信息已提供给“开放手机联盟”(Open Handset Alliance) 成员，并且 Android 开源项目中提供了相应的修复程序。为了提高安全性，搭载更低版本 Android 的某些设备可能也会包含这些修复程序。

يتضمّن كل إصدار من Android عشرات التحسينات على الأمان لحماية المستخدمين. في ما يلي بعض التحسينات الأمنية المتاحة في Android 4.3:

  • بيئة Android المحصَّنة المعزّزة ببرنامج SELinux يعزّز هذا الإصدار وضع الحماية في Android باستخدام نظام التحكّم الإجباري في الوصول (MAC) في SELinux في نواة Linux. SELinux يكون تعزيز الأداء غير مرئي للمستخدمين والمطورين، ويضيف متانة إلى نموذج أمان Android الحالي مع الحفاظ على التوافق مع التطبيقات الحالية. لضمان استمرار توافق هذا الإصدار باستخدام SELinux في وضع متساهل. يسجِّل هذا الوضع أي انتهاكات للسياسة، ولكنّه لن يؤدي إلى إيقاف التطبيقات أو التأثير في سلوك النظام.
  • ما مِن برامج setuid أو setgid. دعم إضافي لإمكانيات نظام الملفات إلى ملفات نظام Android وإزالة جميع برامج setuid أو setgid. هذا النمط يقلل الأجزاء المعرضة للهجوم من الجذر واحتمال المخاطر الأمنية الثغرات الأمنية.
  • مصادقة ADB: بدءًا من Android 4.2.2، تكون الاتصالات بـ ADB باستخدام مفتاحَي التشفير RSA يمنع هذا الاستخدام غير المصرح به ADB حيث يكون للمهاجم الوصول المادي إلى أحد الأجهزة.
  • حظر Setuid من تطبيقات Android تم تثبيت قسم "/system". مرهم للعمليات التي ينشأ عنها زيغوت، ما يمنع تطبيقات Android من تنفيذ setuid برنامج. هذا يقلل من فرص اختراق الجذر احتمالية وجود ثغرات أمنية محتملة.
  • حدود الإمكانيات: يستخدم الآن zygote وADB في Android prctl(PR_CAPBSET_DROP) لإلغاء الإمكانات غير الضرورية قبل تنفيذ التطبيقات. ويمنع ذلك تطبيقات Android والتطبيقات التي يتم تشغيلها من واجهة المستخدم من الحصول على إمكانات مميّزة.
  • موفِّر AndroidKeyStore: أصبح Android مزوّدًا الآن بمخزن مفاتيح يسمح التطبيقات لإنشاء مفاتيح استخدام حصرية. يوفّر هذا الإجراء إمكانية استخدام التطبيقات مع واجهة برمجة تطبيقات لإنشاء أو تخزين مفاتيح خاصة لا يمكن أن يستخدمها وتطبيقات أخرى.
  • KeyChain isBoundKeyAlgorithm. توفّر Keychain API الآن طريقة (isBoundKeyType) تسمح للتطبيقات بتأكيد أنّ المفاتيح على مستوى النظام مرتبطة بجذر ثقة للأجهزة. يوفر ذلك مكانًا لإنشاء مفاتيح خاصة أو تخزينها لا يمكن تصديرها خارج الجهاز، حتى في حال اختراق الجذر.
  • NO_NEW_PRIVS يستخدم نموذج Android zygote الآن prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS) لحظر الإضافة. الامتيازات الجديدة قبل تنفيذ رمز التطبيق. هذا النمط تمنع تطبيقات Android من إجراء عمليات يمكن أن رفع الامتيازات من خلال execve. (يتطلب ذلك استخدام الإصدار 3.5 من نواة Linux أو إصدار أحدث).
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE تحسينات تم تفعيل FORTIFY_SOURCE على Android x86 وMIPS وتم تحسين المكالمات عبر strchr() وstrrchr() وstrlen() umask(). يمكن أن يرصد هذا الفحص الثغرات المحتملة الناتجة عن تلف الذاكرة أو الثوابت المكوّنة من سلاسل ملفتة لم يتم إنهائها.
  • وسائل الحماية من نقل البيانات: تم تفعيل عمليات إعادة التعيين للقراءة فقط (relro) لملفَّي exécutable مرتبطَين بشكل ثابت وإزالة جميع عمليات إعادة تعيين النصوص في رمز Android البرمجي. ويوفر ذلك دفاعًا شاملاً ضد الثغرات المحتملة المتعلّقة بتلف الذاكرة .
  • تحسين EntropyMixer: يكتب EntropyMixer الآن معلومات الالتباس عند إيقاف التشغيل أو إعادة التشغيل، بالإضافة إلى عمليات الخلط الدورية. يتيح ذلك الاحتفاظ بكل محتوى التشويش الذي تم إنشاؤه أثناء تشغيل الأجهزة، وهو مفيد بشكل خاص للأجهزة التي تتم إعادة تشغيلها فورًا بعد الإعداد.
  • إصلاحات الأمان: يتضمّن Android 4.3 أيضًا إصلاحات لثغرات أمنية تتعلّق بنظام Android. تم تقديم معلومات عن هذه الثغرات الأمنية لأعضاء تحالف Open Handset Alliance، وتتوفّر الإصلاحات في "المشروع المفتوح المصدر لنظام Android" . لتحسين مستوى الأمان، قد تتضمّن أيضًا بعض الأجهزة التي تعمل بإصدارات أقدم من Android هذه الإصلاحات.

Android provides a multi-layered security model described in the Android Security Overview. Each update to Android includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements introduced in Android 4.2:

  • App verification: Users can choose to enable Verify Apps and have apps screened by an app verifier, prior to installation. App verification can alert the user if they try to install an app that might be harmful; if an app is especially bad, it can block installation.
  • More control of premium SMS: Android provides a notification if an app attempts to send SMS to a short code that uses premium services that might cause additional charges. The user can choose whether to allow the app to send the message or block it.
  • Always-on VPN: VPN can be configured so that apps won't have access to the network until a VPN connection is established. This prevents apps from sending data across other networks.
  • Certificate pinning: The Android core libraries now support certificate pinning. Pinned domains receive a certificate validation failure if the certificate doesn't chain to a set of expected certificates. This protects against possible compromise of certificate authorities.
  • Improved display of Android permissions: Permissions are organized into groups that are more easily understood by users. During review of the permissions, the user can click on the permission to see more detailed information about the permission.
  • installd hardening: The installd daemon does not run as the root user, reducing potential attack surface for root privilege escalation.
  • init script hardening: init scripts now apply O_NOFOLLOW semantics to prevent symlink related attacks.
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE: Android now implements FORTIFY_SOURCE. This is used by system libraries and apps to prevent memory corruption.
  • ContentProvider default configuration: Apps that target API level 17 have export set to false by default for each Content Provider, reducing default attack surface for apps.
  • Cryptography: Modified the default implementations of SecureRandom and Cipher.RSA to use OpenSSL. Added SSL Socket support for TLSv1.1 and TLSv1.2 using OpenSSL 1.0.1
  • Security fixes: Upgraded open source libraries with security fixes include WebKit, libpng, OpenSSL, and LibXML. Android 4.2 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Android provides a multi-layered security model described in the Android Security Overview. Each update to Android includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements introduced in Android versions 1.5 through 4.1:

Android 1.5
  • ProPolice to prevent stack buffer overruns (-fstack-protector)
  • safe_iop to reduce integer overflows
  • Extensions to OpenBSD dlmalloc to prevent double free() vulnerabilities and to prevent chunk consolidation attacks. Chunk consolidation attacks are a common way to exploit heap corruption.
  • OpenBSD calloc to prevent integer overflows during memory allocation
Android 2.3
  • Format string vulnerability protections (-Wformat-security -Werror=format-security)
  • Hardware-based No eXecute (NX) to prevent code execution on the stack and heap
  • Linux mmap_min_addr to mitigate null pointer dereference privilege escalation (further enhanced in Android 4.1)
Android 4.0
Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) to randomize key locations in memory
Android 4.1
  • PIE (Position Independent Executable) support
  • Read-only relocations / immediate binding (-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now)
  • dmesg_restrict enabled (avoid leaking kernel addresses)
  • kptr_restrict enabled (avoid leaking kernel addresses)