Android 4.2 호환성 정의

개정판 2
최종 업데이트: 2013년 2월 17일

Copyright © 2012, Google Inc. 판권 소유.
compatibility@android.com

목차

1. 소개
2. 자원
3. 소프트웨어
3.1. 관리형 API 호환성
3.2. 소프트 API 호환성
3.3. 네이티브 API 호환성
3.4. 웹 호환성
3.5. API 동작 호환성
3.6. API 네임스페이스
3.7. 가상 머신 호환성
3.8. 사용자 인터페이스 호환성
3.9 장치 관리
3.10 접근성
3.11 텍스트 음성 변환
4. 애플리케이션 패키징 호환성
5. 멀티미디어 호환성
6. 개발자 도구 및 옵션 호환성
7. 하드웨어 호환성
7.1. 디스플레이 및 그래픽
7.2. 입력 장치
7.3. 센서
7.4. 데이터 연결
7.5. 카메라
7.6. 메모리 및 스토리지
7.7. USB
8. 성능 호환성
9. 보안 모델 호환성
10. 소프트웨어 호환성 테스트
11. 업데이트 가능한 소프트웨어
12. 문의하기
부록 A - 블루투스 테스트 절차

1. 소개

이 문서는 기기가 Android 4.2와 호환되기 위해 충족되어야 하는 요구 사항을 열거합니다.

"해야 한다", "하지 말아야 한다", "필수", "해야 한다", "하지 말아야 한다", "해야 한다", "해서는 안된다", "권장한다", "할 수 있다" 및 "선택 사항"의 사용은 IETF 표준에 따른다. RFC2119 [ 리소스, 1 ]에 정의되어 있습니다.

이 문서에서 사용된 "기기 구현자" 또는 "구현자"는 Android 4.2를 실행하는 하드웨어/소프트웨어 솔루션을 개발하는 개인 또는 조직입니다. "장치 구현" 또는 "구현"은 그렇게 개발된 하드웨어/소프트웨어 솔루션입니다.

Android 4.2와 호환되는 것으로 간주되려면 기기 구현이 참조를 통해 통합된 모든 문서를 포함하여 이 호환성 정의에 제시된 요구사항을 충족해야 합니다(MUST).

섹션 10 에 설명된 이 정의 또는 소프트웨어 테스트가 조용하거나 모호하거나 불완전한 경우 기존 구현과의 호환성을 보장하는 것은 장치 구현자의 책임입니다.

이러한 이유로 Android 오픈 소스 프로젝트[ 리소스, 3 ]는 Android의 참조이자 선호되는 구현입니다. 기기 구현자는 Android 오픈 소스 프로젝트에서 사용할 수 있는 "업스트림" 소스 코드를 최대한 많이 기반으로 구현하는 것이 좋습니다. 일부 구성 요소는 가상으로 대체 구현으로 대체될 수 있지만 소프트웨어 테스트를 통과하는 것이 훨씬 더 어려워지기 때문에 이 방법은 권장되지 않습니다. Compatibility Test Suite를 비롯한 표준 Android 구현과의 완전한 동작 호환성을 보장하는 것은 구현자의 책임입니다. 마지막으로 이 문서에서는 특정 구성 요소의 대체 및 수정을 명시적으로 금지하고 있습니다.

2. 자원

  1. IETF RFC2119 요구 사항 수준: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt
  2. Android 호환성 프로그램 개요: http://source.android.com/compatibility/index.html
  3. 안드로이드 오픈 소스 프로젝트: http://source.android.com/
  4. API 정의 및 문서: http://developer.android.com/reference/packages.html
  5. 안드로이드 권한 참조: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html
  6. android.os.Build 참조: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build.html
  7. Android 4.2 허용 버전 문자열: http://source.android.com/compatibility/4.2/versions.html
  8. 렌더스크립트: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/graphics/renderscript.html
  9. 하드웨어 가속: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/graphics/hardware-accel.html
  10. android.webkit.WebView 클래스: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/WebView.html
  11. HTML5: http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/
  12. HTML5 오프라인 기능: http://dev.w3.org/html5/spec/Overview.html#offline
  13. HTML5 비디오 태그: http://dev.w3.org/html5/spec/Overview.html#video
  14. HTML5/W3C 지리적 위치 API: http://www.w3.org/TR/geolocation-API/
  15. HTML5/W3C 웹데이터베이스 API: http://www.w3.org/TR/webdatabase/
  16. HTML5/W3C IndexedDB API: http://www.w3.org/TR/IndexedDB/
  17. Dalvik 가상 머신 사양: dalvik/docs의 Android 소스 코드에서 사용 가능
  18. 앱 위젯: http://developer.android.com/guide/practices/ui_guidelines/widget_design.html
  19. 알림: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/notifiers/notifications.html
  20. 애플리케이션 리소스: http://code.google.com/android/reference/available-resources.html
  21. 상태 표시줄 아이콘 스타일 가이드: http://developer.android.com/guide/practices/ui_guidelines/icon_design_status_bar.html
  22. 검색 관리자: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/SearchManager.html
  23. 토스트: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/widget/Toast.html
  24. 테마: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/themes.html
  25. R.style 클래스: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/R.style.html
  26. 라이브 배경 화면: http://developer.android.com/resources/articles/live-wallpapers.html
  27. Android 기기 관리: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/admin/device-admin.html
  28. DevicePolicyManager 참조: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html
  29. Android 접근성 서비스 API: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/accessibilityservice/package-summary.html
  30. Android 접근성 API: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/accessibility/package-summary.html
  31. 아이즈 프리 프로젝트: http://code.google.com/p/eyes-free
  32. 텍스트 음성 변환 API: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/speech/tts/package-summary.html
  33. 참조 도구 문서(adb, aapt, ddms, systrace용): http://developer.android.com/guide/developing/tools/index.html
  34. Android apk 파일 설명: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/fundamentals.html
  35. 매니페스트 파일: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/manifest-intro.html
  36. 원숭이 테스트 도구: http://developer.android.com/guide/developing/tools/monkey.html
  37. Android android.content.pm.PackageManager 클래스 및 하드웨어 기능 목록: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/pm/PackageManager.html
  38. 다중 화면 지원: http://developer.android.com/guide/practices/screens_support.html
  39. android.util.DisplayMetrics: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/util/DisplayMetrics.html
  40. android.content.res.Configuration: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/res/Configuration.html
  41. android.hardware.SensorEvent: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/SensorEvent.html
  42. 블루투스 API: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/bluetooth/package-summary.html
  43. NDEF 푸시 프로토콜: http://source.android.com/compatibility/ndef-push-protocol.pdf
  44. MIFARE MF1S503X: http://www.nxp.com/documents/data_sheet/MF1S503x.pdf
  45. MIFARE MF1S703X: http://www.nxp.com/documents/data_sheet/MF1S703x.pdf
  46. MIFARE MF0ICU1: http://www.nxp.com/documents/data_sheet/MF0ICU1.pdf
  47. MIFARE MF0ICU2: http://www.nxp.com/documents/short_data_sheet/MF0ICU2_SDS.pdf
  48. MIFARE AN130511: http://www.nxp.com/documents/application_note/AN130511.pdf
  49. MIFARE AN130411: http://www.nxp.com/documents/application_note/AN130411.pdf
  50. 카메라 방향 API: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/Camera.html#setDisplayOrientation(int)
  51. 카메라: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/Camera.html
  52. 안드로이드 오픈 액세서리: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/usb/accessory.html
  53. USB 호스트 API: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/usb/host.html
  54. Android 보안 및 권한 참조: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/security/security.html
  55. Android용 앱: http://code.google.com/p/apps-for-android
  56. 안드로이드 다운로드 관리자: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/DownloadManager.html
  57. 안드로이드 파일 전송: http://www.android.com/filetransfer
  58. 안드로이드 미디어 형식: http://developer.android.com/guide/appendix/media-formats.html
  59. HTTP 라이브 스트리밍 초안 프로토콜: http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-live-streaming-03
  60. NFC 연결 핸드오버: http://www.nfc-forum.org/specs/spec_list/#conn_handover
  61. NFC를 사용한 블루투스 보안 단순 페어링: http://www.nfc-forum.org/resources/AppDocs/NFCForum_AD_BTSSP_1_0.pdf
  62. 와이파이 멀티캐스트 API: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/net/wifi/WifiManager.MulticastLock.html
  63. 작업 지원: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/Intent.html#ACTION_ASSIST
  64. USB 충전 사양: http://www.usb.org/developers/devclass_docs/USB_Battery_Charging_1.2.pdf
  65. 안드로이드 빔: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/nfc/nfc.html
  66. 안드로이드 USB 오디오: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/usb/UsbConstants.html#USB_CLASS_AUDIO
  67. 안드로이드 NFC 공유 설정: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/provider/Settings.html#ACTION_NFCSHARING_SETTINGS
  68. 와이파이 다이렉트(와이파이 P2P): http://developer.android.com/reference/android/net/wifi/p2p/WifiP2pManager.html
  69. 잠금 및 홈 화면 위젯: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/appwidget/AppWidgetProviderInfo.html
  70. UserManager 참조: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/UserManager.html
  71. 외부 저장소 참조: http://source.android.com/tech/storage
  72. 외부 저장소 API: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Environment.html
  73. SMS 단축 코드: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_code
  74. 미디어 원격 제어 클라이언트: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/media/RemoteControlClient.html
  75. 디스플레이 관리자: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/display/DisplayManager.html
  76. 꿈: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/service/dreams/DreamService.html
  77. Android 애플리케이션 개발 관련 설정: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/provider/Settings.html#ACTION_APPLICATION_DEVELOPMENT_SETTINGS
  • 카메라: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/Camera.Parameters.html
  • 이러한 리소스의 대부분은 Android 4.2 SDK에서 직접 또는 간접적으로 파생되며 해당 SDK 설명서의 정보와 기능적으로 동일합니다. 이 호환성 정의 또는 호환성 테스트 제품군이 SDK 문서와 동의하지 않는 경우 SDK 문서는 신뢰할 수 있는 것으로 간주됩니다. 위에 포함된 참조에 제공된 모든 기술 세부 정보는 이 호환성 정의의 일부로 포함된 것으로 간주됩니다.

    3. 소프트웨어

    3.1. 관리형 API 호환성

    관리형(Dalvik 기반) 실행 환경은 Android 애플리케이션을 위한 기본 수단입니다. Android API(응용 프로그래밍 인터페이스)는 관리되는 VM 환경에서 실행되는 애플리케이션에 노출되는 Android 플랫폼 인터페이스 집합입니다. 기기 구현은 문서화된 모든 동작을 포함하여 Android 4.2 SDK[ 리소스, 4 ]에 의해 노출된 문서화된 API의 완전한 구현을 제공해야 합니다(MUST).

    기기 구현은 이 호환성 정의에서 특별히 허용하는 경우를 제외하고 관리되는 API를 생략하거나, API 인터페이스 또는 서명을 변경하거나, 문서화된 동작에서 벗어나거나, no-ops를 포함해서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT).

    이 호환성 정의는 Android에 API가 포함된 일부 하드웨어 유형이 기기 구현에서 생략되도록 허용합니다. 이러한 경우 API는 여전히 존재하고 합리적인 방식으로 작동해야 합니다(MUST). 이 시나리오에 대한 특정 요구 사항은 섹션 7 을 참조하십시오.

    3.2. 소프트 API 호환성

    섹션 3.1의 관리되는 API 외에도 Android에는 애플리케이션 컴파일 시간에 적용할 수 없는 Android 애플리케이션의 인텐트, 권한 및 유사한 측면과 같은 형태로 중요한 런타임 전용 "소프트" API도 포함되어 있습니다.

    3.2.1. 권한

    기기 구현자는 권한 참조 페이지[ 리소스, 5 ]에 설명된 대로 모든 권한 상수를 지원하고 시행해야 합니다(MUST). 섹션 10에는 Android 보안 모델과 관련된 추가 요구 사항이 나열되어 있습니다.

    3.2.2. 빌드 매개변수

    Android API에는 현재 기기를 설명하기 위한 android.os.Build 클래스 [ Resources, 6 ]에 대한 여러 상수가 포함되어 있습니다. 여러 기기 구현에서 일관되고 의미 있는 값을 제공하기 위해 아래 표에는 기기 구현에서 반드시 준수해야 하는 이러한 값의 형식에 대한 추가 제한사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

    매개변수 코멘트
    android.os.Build.VERSION.RELEASE 사람이 읽을 수 있는 형식으로 현재 실행 중인 Android 시스템의 버전입니다. 이 필드에는 [ Resources, 7 ]에 정의된 문자열 값 중 하나가 있어야 합니다(MUST).
    android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK 타사 애플리케이션 코드에 액세스할 수 있는 형식으로 현재 실행 중인 Android 시스템의 버전입니다. Android 4.2의 경우 이 필드는 정수 값 17을 가져야 합니다(MUST).
    android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK_INT 타사 애플리케이션 코드에 액세스할 수 있는 형식으로 현재 실행 중인 Android 시스템의 버전입니다. Android 4.2의 경우 이 필드는 정수 값 17을 가져야 합니다(MUST).
    android.os.Build.VERSION.INCREMENTAL 사람이 읽을 수 있는 형식으로 현재 실행 중인 Android 시스템의 특정 빌드를 지정하는 기기 구현자가 선택한 값입니다. 이 값은 최종 사용자가 사용할 수 있는 다른 빌드에 재사용해서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT). 이 필드의 일반적인 용도는 빌드를 생성하는 데 사용된 빌드 번호 또는 소스 제어 변경 식별자를 나타내는 것입니다. null 또는 빈 문자열("")이 아니어야 한다는 점을 제외하고 이 필드의 특정 형식에 대한 요구 사항은 없습니다.
    android.os.Build.BOARD 사람이 읽을 수 있는 형식으로 기기에서 사용하는 특정 내부 하드웨어를 식별하는 기기 구현자가 선택한 값입니다. 이 필드의 가능한 사용은 장치에 전원을 공급하는 보드의 특정 버전을 나타내는 것입니다. 이 필드의 값은 7비트 ASCII로 인코딩할 수 있어야 하고 정규식 "^[a-zA-Z0-9.,_-]+$" 와 일치해야 합니다.
    android.os.Build.BRAND 사람이 읽을 수 있는 형식으로 장치를 생산한 회사, 조직, 개인 등의 이름을 식별하는 장치 구현자가 선택한 값입니다. 이 필드는 장치를 판매한 OEM 및/또는 이동통신사를 나타내는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 이 필드의 값은 7비트 ASCII로 인코딩할 수 있어야 하고 정규식 "^[a-zA-Z0-9.,_-]+$" 와 일치해야 합니다.
    android.os.Build.CPU_ABI 네이티브 코드의 명령어 세트(CPU 유형 + ABI 규칙)의 이름입니다. 섹션 3.3: 네이티브 API 호환성 을 참조하십시오.
    android.os.Build.CPU_ABI2 네이티브 코드의 두 번째 명령어 세트(CPU 유형 + ABI 규칙)의 이름입니다. 섹션 3.3: 네이티브 API 호환성 을 참조하십시오.
    android.os.Build.DEVICE 기기 본체("산업 디자인"이라고도 함)의 특정 구성 또는 수정 버전을 식별하는 기기 구현자가 선택한 값입니다. 이 필드의 값은 7비트 ASCII로 인코딩할 수 있어야 하고 정규식 "^[a-zA-Z0-9.,_-]+$" 와 일치해야 합니다.
    android.os.Build.FINGERPRINT 이 빌드를 고유하게 식별하는 문자열입니다. 합리적으로 사람이 읽을 수 있어야 합니다(SHOULD). 다음 템플릿을 따라야 합니다.
    $(BRAND)/$(PRODUCT)/$(DEVICE):$(VERSION.RELEASE)/$(ID)/$(VERSION.INCREMENTAL):$(TYPE)/$(TAGS)
    예를 들어:
    acme/mydevice/generic:4.2/JRN53/3359:userdebug/test-keys
    지문에는 공백 문자가 포함되어서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT). 위 템플릿에 포함된 다른 필드에 공백 문자가 있는 경우 빌드 지문에서 밑줄("_") 문자와 같은 다른 문자로 대체되어야 합니다. 이 필드의 값은 7비트 ASCII로 인코딩할 수 있어야 합니다(MUST).
    android.os.Build.HARDWARE 하드웨어의 이름(커널 명령줄 또는 /proc에서). 합리적으로 사람이 읽을 수 있어야 합니다(SHOULD). 이 필드의 값은 7비트 ASCII로 인코딩할 수 있어야 하고 정규식 "^[a-zA-Z0-9.,_-]+$" 와 일치해야 합니다.
    android.os.Build.HOST 빌드가 빌드된 호스트를 사람이 읽을 수 있는 형식으로 고유하게 식별하는 문자열입니다. null 또는 빈 문자열("")이 아니어야 한다는 점을 제외하고 이 필드의 특정 형식에 대한 요구 사항은 없습니다.
    android.os.Build.ID 사람이 읽을 수 있는 형식으로 특정 릴리스를 참조하기 위해 기기 구현자가 선택한 식별자입니다. 이 필드는 android.os.Build.VERSION.INCREMENTAL과 같을 수 있지만 최종 사용자가 소프트웨어 빌드를 구별할 수 있을 만큼 충분히 의미 있는 값이어야 합니다(SHOULD). 이 필드의 값은 7비트 ASCII로 인코딩할 수 있어야 하고 정규식 "^[a-zA-Z0-9.,_-]+$" 와 일치해야 합니다.
    android.os.Build.MANUFACTURER 제품의 OEM(Original Equipment Manufacturer) 상표명. null 또는 빈 문자열("")이 아니어야 한다는 점을 제외하고 이 필드의 특정 형식에 대한 요구 사항은 없습니다.
    android.os.Build.MODEL 최종 사용자에게 알려진 기기의 이름을 포함하는 기기 구현자가 선택한 값입니다. 이 이름은 장치가 최종 사용자에게 판매되고 판매되는 이름과 동일해야 합니다(SHOULD). null 또는 빈 문자열("")이 아니어야 한다는 점을 제외하고 이 필드의 특정 형식에 대한 요구 사항은 없습니다.
    android.os.Build.PRODUCT 제품(SKU)의 개발 이름 또는 코드 이름을 포함하는 장치 구현자가 선택한 값입니다. 사람이 읽을 수 있어야 하지만 반드시 최종 사용자가 볼 수 있어야 하는 것은 아닙니다. 이 필드의 값은 7비트 ASCII로 인코딩할 수 있어야 하고 정규식 "^[a-zA-Z0-9.,_-]+$" 와 일치해야 합니다.
    android.os.Build.SERIAL 사용 가능한 경우 하드웨어 일련 번호. 이 필드의 값은 7비트 ASCII로 인코딩할 수 있어야 하며 정규식 "^([a-zA-Z0-9]{0,20})$" 와 일치해야 합니다.
    android.os.Build.TAGS 빌드를 추가로 구별하기 위해 기기 구현자가 선택한 쉼표로 구분된 태그 목록입니다. 예: "서명되지 않은, 디버그". 이 필드의 값은 7비트 ASCII로 인코딩할 수 있어야 하고 정규식 "^[a-zA-Z0-9.,_-]+$" 와 일치해야 합니다.
    android.os.Build.TIME 빌드가 발생한 시간의 타임스탬프를 나타내는 값입니다.
    android.os.Build.TYPE 빌드의 런타임 구성을 지정하는 장치 구현자가 선택한 값입니다. 이 필드에는 세 가지 일반적인 Android 런타임 구성("user", "userdebug" 또는 "eng")에 해당하는 값 중 하나가 있어야 합니다(SHOULD). 이 필드의 값은 7비트 ASCII로 인코딩할 수 있어야 하고 정규식 "^[a-zA-Z0-9.,_-]+$" 와 일치해야 합니다.
    android.os.Build.USER 빌드를 생성한 사용자(또는 자동화된 사용자)의 이름 또는 사용자 ID입니다. null 또는 빈 문자열("")이 아니어야 한다는 점을 제외하고 이 필드의 특정 형식에 대한 요구 사항은 없습니다.

    3.2.3. 의도 호환성

    기기 구현은 아래 섹션에 설명된 대로 Android의 느슨한 결합 인텐트 시스템을 준수해야 합니다(MUST). "honored"라는 것은 기기 구현자가 일치하는 Intent 필터를 지정하고 지정된 각 Intent 패턴에 올바른 동작을 바인딩하고 구현하는 Android 활동 또는 서비스를 제공해야 함을 의미합니다.

    3.2.3.1. 핵심 애플리케이션 의도

    Android 업스트림 프로젝트는 연락처, 캘린더, 사진 갤러리, 음악 플레이어 등과 같은 여러 핵심 애플리케이션을 정의합니다. 기기 구현자는 이러한 애플리케이션을 대체 버전으로 교체할 수 있습니다(MAY).

    그러나 그러한 대체 버전은 업스트림 프로젝트에서 제공하는 동일한 인텐트 패턴을 준수해야 합니다(MUST). 예를 들어 장치에 대체 음악 플레이어가 포함된 경우 노래를 선택하기 위해 타사 응용 프로그램에서 발행한 Intent 패턴을 계속 준수해야 합니다.

    다음 애플리케이션은 핵심 Android 시스템 애플리케이션으로 간주됩니다.

    • 탁상시계
    • 브라우저
    • 달력
    • 콘택트 렌즈
    • 갤러리
    • 글로벌서치
    • 발사통
    • 음악
    • 설정

    핵심 Android 시스템 애플리케이션에는 "공개"로 간주되는 다양한 활동 또는 서비스 구성 요소가 포함됩니다. 즉, "android:exported" 속성이 없거나 "true" 값을 가질 수 있습니다.

    값이 "false"인 android:exported 속성을 통해 비공개로 표시되지 않은 핵심 Android 시스템 앱 중 하나에 정의된 모든 활동 또는 서비스에 대해 기기 구현은 동일한 인텐트 필터를 구현하는 동일한 유형의 구성요소를 포함해야 합니다(MUST). 패턴을 핵심 Android 시스템 앱으로 사용합니다.

    즉, 기기 구현이 핵심 Android 시스템 앱을 대체할 수 있습니다(MAY). 그러나 지원하는 경우 기기 구현은 교체되는 각 핵심 Android 시스템 앱에 의해 정의된 모든 인텐트 패턴을 지원해야 합니다(MUST).

    3.2.3.2. 의도 재정의

    Android는 확장 가능한 플랫폼이므로 기기 구현은 섹션 3.2.3.2에서 참조된 각 인텐트 패턴이 타사 애플리케이션에 의해 재정의되도록 허용해야 합니다(MUST). 업스트림 Android 오픈 소스 구현에서는 기본적으로 이를 허용합니다. 기기 구현자는 시스템 애플리케이션의 이러한 인텐트 패턴 사용에 특별한 권한을 부여하거나 제3자 애플리케이션이 이러한 패턴에 바인딩하고 이러한 패턴의 제어를 가정하는 것을 방지해서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT). 이 금지에는 사용자가 모두 동일한 인텐트 패턴을 처리하는 여러 애플리케이션 중에서 선택할 수 있도록 하는 "선택자" 사용자 인터페이스를 비활성화하는 것이 포함되지만 이에 국한되지 않습니다.

    그러나 기본 액티비티가 데이터 URI에 대해 보다 구체적인 필터를 제공하는 경우 기기 구현은 특정 URI 패턴(예: http://play.google.com)에 대한 기본 액티비티를 제공할 수 있습니다(MAY). 예를 들어 데이터 URI "http://www.android.com"을 지정하는 인텐트 필터는 "http://"에 대한 브라우저 필터보다 더 구체적입니다. 기기 구현은 사용자가 인텐트의 기본 활동을 수정할 수 있도록 사용자 인터페이스를 제공해야 합니다(MUST).

    3.2.3.3. 인텐트 네임스페이스

    기기 구현에는 android.* 또는 com.android.* 네임스페이스의 ACTION, CATEGORY 또는 기타 키 문자열을 사용하여 새로운 인텐트 또는 브로드캐스트 인텐트 패턴을 존중하는 Android 구성요소가 포함되어서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT). 기기 구현자는 ACTION, CATEGORY 또는 다른 조직에 속한 패키지 공간의 기타 키 문자열을 사용하여 새로운 인텐트 또는 브로드캐스트 인텐트 패턴을 존중하는 Android 구성요소를 포함해서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT). 기기 구현자는 섹션 3.2.3.1에 나열된 핵심 앱에서 사용하는 인텐트 패턴을 변경하거나 확장해서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT). 기기 구현에는 자체 조직과 명확하고 명확하게 연결된 네임스페이스를 사용하는 인텐트 패턴이 포함될 수 있습니다(MAY).

    이 금지는 섹션 3.6에서 Java 언어 클래스에 대해 지정된 것과 유사합니다.

    3.2.3.4. 브로드캐스트 인텐트

    타사 응용 프로그램은 플랫폼에 의존하여 특정 의도를 브로드캐스트하여 하드웨어 또는 소프트웨어 환경의 변경 사항을 알립니다. Android 호환 기기는 적절한 시스템 이벤트에 대한 응답으로 공개 브로드캐스트 인텐트를 브로드캐스트해야 합니다(MUST). 브로드캐스트 의도는 SDK 설명서에 설명되어 있습니다.

    3.3. 네이티브 API 호환성

    3.3.1 애플리케이션 바이너리 인터페이스

    Dalvik에서 실행되는 관리 코드는 적절한 장치 하드웨어 아키텍처용으로 컴파일된 ELF .so 파일로 애플리케이션 .apk 파일에 제공된 네이티브 코드를 호출할 수 있습니다. 네이티브 코드는 기본 프로세서 기술에 크게 의존하기 때문에 Android는 Android NDK의 docs/CPU-ARCH-ABIS.html 파일에 여러 ABI(애플리케이션 바이너리 인터페이스)를 정의합니다. 기기 구현이 하나 이상의 정의된 ABI와 호환되는 경우 아래와 같이 Android NDK와의 호환성을 구현해야 합니다(SHOULD).

    Android ABI에 대한 지원이 포함된 기기 구현은 다음을 충족해야 합니다.

    • 표준 JNI(Java Native Interface) 의미 체계를 사용하여 네이티브 코드를 호출하기 위해 관리되는 환경에서 실행되는 코드에 대한 지원을 포함해야 합니다(MUST).
    • 아래 목록의 각 필수 라이브러리와 소스 호환(예: 헤더 호환) 및 바이너리 호환(ABI의 경우)이어야 합니다(MUST).
    • android.os.Build.CPU_ABI API를 통해 기기에서 지원하는 기본 ABI(Application Binary Interface)를 정확하게 보고해야 합니다(MUST).
    • 최신 버전의 Android NDK에 문서화된 ABI만 docs/CPU-ARCH-ABIS.txt 파일에 보고해야 합니다(MUST).
    • 업스트림 Android 오픈 소스 프로젝트에서 사용할 수 있는 소스 코드 및 헤더 파일을 사용하여 빌드해야 합니다(SHOULD).

    다음 네이티브 코드 API는 네이티브 코드가 포함된 앱에서 사용할 수 있어야 합니다(MUST).

    • libc(C 라이브러리)
    • libm(수학 라이브러리)
    • C++에 대한 최소 지원
    • JNI 인터페이스
    • liblog(안드로이드 로깅)
    • libz(Zlib 압축)
    • libdl(동적 링커)
    • libGLESv1_CM.so(OpenGL ES 1.0)
    • libGLESv2.so(OpenGL ES 2.0)
    • libEGL.so(기본 OpenGL 표면 관리)
    • libjnigraphics.so
    • libOpenSLES.so(OpenSL ES 1.0.1 오디오 지원)
    • libOpenMAXAL.so(OpenMAX AL 1.0.1 지원)
    • libandroid.so(기본 Android 활동 지원)
    • 아래 설명된 대로 OpenGL 지원

    Android NDK의 향후 릴리스에서는 추가 ABI에 대한 지원을 도입할 수 있습니다. 기기 구현이 기존의 사전 정의된 ABI와 호환되지 않는 경우 ABI에 대한 지원을 전혀 보고하지 않아야 합니다(MUST NOT).

    네이티브 코드 호환성은 어렵습니다. 이러한 이유로 기기 구현자는 호환성을 보장하기 위해 위에 나열된 라이브러리의 업스트림 구현을 사용할 것을 매우 강력하게 권장합니다.

    3.4. 웹 호환성

    3.4.1. WebView 호환성

    Android 오픈 소스 구현은 WebKit 렌더링 엔진을 사용하여 android.webkit.WebView 를 구현합니다. 웹 렌더링 시스템에 대한 포괄적인 테스트 제품군을 개발하는 것이 가능하지 않기 때문에 장치 구현자는 WebView 구현에서 WebKit의 특정 업스트림 빌드를 사용해야 합니다. 구체적으로:

    • 기기 구현의 android.webkit.WebView 구현은 Android 4.2용 업스트림 Android 오픈 소스 트리의 534.30 WebKit 빌드를 기반으로 해야 합니다(MUST). 이 빌드에는 WebView에 대한 특정 기능 및 보안 수정 세트가 포함되어 있습니다. 장치 구현자는 WebKit 구현에 대한 사용자 정의를 포함할 수 있습니다(MAY). 그러나 그러한 사용자 정의는 렌더링 동작을 포함하여 WebView의 동작을 변경해서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT).
    • WebView에서 보고하는 사용자 에이전트 문자열은 다음 형식이어야 합니다.
      Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android $(VERSION); $(LOCALE); $(MODEL) Build/$(BUILD)) AppleWebKit/534.30 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.2 Mobile Safari/534.30
      • $(VERSION) 문자열의 값은 android.os.Build.VERSION.RELEASE 의 값과 동일해야 합니다(MUST).
      • $(LOCALE) 문자열의 값은 국가 코드 및 언어에 대한 ISO 규칙을 따라야 하고 장치의 현재 구성된 로케일을 참조해야 합니다(SHOULD).
      • $(MODEL) 문자열의 값은 android.os.Build.MODEL 의 값과 동일해야 합니다(MUST).
      • $(BUILD) 문자열의 값은 android.os.Build.ID 의 값과 동일해야 합니다(MUST).
      • 기기 구현은 사용자 에이전트 문자열에서 Mobile 을 생략할 수 있습니다(MAY).

    WebView 구성 요소는 가능한 한 많은 HTML5[ 리소스, 11 ]에 대한 지원을 포함해야 합니다(SHOULD). 최소한 기기 구현은 WebView의 HTML5와 연결된 다음 API 각각을 지원해야 합니다(MUST).

    또한 기기 구현은 HTML5/W3C 웹 저장소 API[ 리소스, 15 ]를 지원해야 하고 HTML5/W3C IndexedDB API[ 리소스, 16 ]를 지원해야 합니다(SHOULD). 웹 개발 표준 기관이 웹 저장소보다 IndexedDB를 선호하도록 전환함에 따라 IndexedDB는 향후 Android 버전에서 필수 구성 요소가 될 것으로 예상됩니다.

    모든 JavaScript API와 마찬가지로 HTML5 API는 개발자가 일반적인 Android API를 통해 명시적으로 활성화하지 않는 한 WebView에서 기본적으로 비활성화되어야 합니다.

    3.4.2. 브라우저 호환성

    기기 구현에는 일반 사용자 웹 브라우징을 위한 독립형 브라우저 애플리케이션이 포함되어야 합니다(MUST). 독립형 브라우저는 WebKit 이외의 브라우저 기술을 기반으로 할 수 있습니다(MAY). 그러나 대체 브라우저 애플리케이션을 사용하더라도 타사 애플리케이션에 제공되는 android.webkit.WebView 구성 요소는 섹션 3.4.1에 설명된 대로 WebKit을 기반으로 해야 합니다.

    구현은 독립 실행형 브라우저 애플리케이션에서 사용자 지정 사용자 에이전트 문자열을 제공할 수 있습니다(MAY).

    독립 실행형 브라우저 애플리케이션(업스트림 WebKit 브라우저 애플리케이션을 기반으로 하든 타사 대체 애플리케이션을 기반으로 하든 상관없이)은 가능한 한 많은 HTML5[ 리소스, 11 ]에 대한 지원을 포함해야 합니다(SHOULD). 최소한 기기 구현은 HTML5와 연결된 다음 각 API를 지원해야 합니다(MUST).

    또한 기기 구현은 HTML5/W3C 웹 저장소 API[ 리소스, 15 ]를 지원해야 하고 HTML5/W3C IndexedDB API[ 리소스, 16 ]를 지원해야 합니다(SHOULD). 웹 개발 표준 기관이 웹 저장소보다 IndexedDB를 선호하도록 전환함에 따라 IndexedDB는 향후 Android 버전에서 필수 구성 요소가 될 것으로 예상됩니다.

    3.5. API 동작 호환성

    각 API 유형(관리형, 소프트, 네이티브 및 웹)의 동작은 업스트림 Android 오픈 소스 프로젝트의 기본 구현과 일치해야 합니다[ 참고자료, 3 ]. 특정 호환성 영역은 다음과 같습니다.

    • 장치는 표준 인텐트의 동작이나 의미를 변경해서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT).
    • 장치는 특정 유형의 시스템 구성 요소(예: 서비스, 활동, ContentProvider 등)의 수명 주기 또는 수명 주기 의미 체계를 변경해서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT).
    • 장치는 표준 권한의 의미를 변경해서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT).

    위의 목록은 포괄적이지 않습니다. CTS(Compatibility Test Suite)는 플랫폼의 상당 부분을 동작 호환성에 대해 테스트하지만 전부는 아닙니다. Android 오픈 소스 프로젝트와의 동작 호환성을 보장하는 것은 구현자의 책임입니다. 이러한 이유로 기기 구현자는 시스템의 중요한 부분을 다시 구현하는 대신 가능한 경우 Android 오픈 소스 프로젝트를 통해 제공되는 소스 코드를 사용해야 합니다(SHOULD).

    3.6. API 네임스페이스

    Android는 Java 프로그래밍 언어에서 정의한 패키지 및 클래스 네임스페이스 규칙을 따릅니다. 타사 애플리케이션과의 호환성을 보장하기 위해 기기 구현자는 이러한 패키지 네임스페이스에 대해 금지된 수정(아래 참조)을 해서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT):

    • 자바.*
    • javax.*
    • 태양.*
    • 기계적 인조 인간.*
    • com.android.*

    금지된 수정에는 다음이 포함됩니다.

    • 기기 구현은 메서드 또는 클래스 서명을 변경하거나 클래스 또는 클래스 필드를 제거하여 Android 플랫폼에서 공개적으로 노출된 API를 수정하면 안 됩니다(MUST NOT).
    • 기기 구현자는 API의 기본 구현을 수정할 수 있지만 그러한 수정은 공개적으로 노출된 API의 명시된 동작 및 Java 언어 서명에 영향을 주어서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT).
    • 기기 구현자는 공개적으로 노출된 요소(예: 클래스 또는 인터페이스, 기존 클래스 또는 인터페이스에 대한 필드 또는 메서드)를 위의 API에 추가해서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT).

    "공개적으로 노출된 요소"는 업스트림 Android 소스 코드에서 사용되는 "@hide" 마커로 장식되지 않은 모든 구성입니다. 즉, 기기 구현자는 위에 언급된 네임스페이스에서 새 API를 노출하거나 기존 API를 변경해서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT). 기기 구현자는 내부 전용 수정 작업을 수행할 수 있지만 이러한 수정 사항을 광고하거나 개발자에게 공개해서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT).

    기기 구현자는 사용자 정의 API를 추가할 수 있지만 그러한 API는 다른 조직이 소유하거나 참조하는 네임스페이스에 있어서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT). 예를 들어 기기 구현자는 com.google.* 또는 유사한 네임스페이스에 API를 추가해서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT). Google만이 그렇게 할 수 있습니다. 마찬가지로 Google은 다른 회사의 네임스페이스에 API를 추가해서는 안 됩니다(MUST NOT). 또한 기기 구현에 표준 Android 네임스페이스 외부의 맞춤 API가 포함되어 있는 경우 해당 API를 Android 공유 라이브러리에 패키징해야 합니다(MUST) 이를 통해 명시적으로 사용하는 앱( <uses-library> 메커니즘을 통해)만 증가된 메모리 사용량의 영향을 받습니다. 이러한 API의.

    기기 구현자가 위의 패키지 네임스페이스 중 하나를 개선할 것을 제안하는 경우(예: 유용한 새 기능을 기존 API에 추가하거나 새 API를 추가하는 방법), 구현자는 source.android.com을 방문하여 변경 및 기여 프로세스를 시작해야 합니다(SHOULD). code, according to the information on that site.

    Note that the restrictions above correspond to standard conventions for naming APIs in the Java programming language; this section simply aims to reinforce those conventions and make them binding through inclusion in this compatibility definition.

    3.7. Virtual Machine Compatibility

    Device implementations MUST support the full Dalvik Executable (DEX) bytecode specification and Dalvik Virtual Machine semantics [ Resources, 17 ].

    Device implementations MUST configure Dalvik to allocate memory in accordance with the upstream Android platform, and as specified by the following table. (See Section 7.1.1 for screen size and screen density definitions.)

    Note that memory values specified below are considered minimum values, and device implementations MAY allocate more memory per application.

    Screen Size Screen Density Application Memory
    small / normal / large ldpi / mdpi 16MB
    small / normal / large tvdpi / hdpi 32MB
    small / normal / large xhdpi 64MB
    xlarge mdpi 32MB
    xlarge tvdpi / hdpi 64MB
    xlarge xhdpi 128MB

    3.8. User Interface Compatibility

    3.8.1. Widgets

    Android defines a component type and corresponding API and lifecycle that allows applications to expose an "AppWidget" to the end user [ Resources, 18 ]. The Android Open Source reference release includes a Launcher application that includes user interface affordances allowing the user to add, view, and remove AppWidgets from the home screen.

    Device implementations MAY substitute an alternative to the reference Launcher (ie home screen). Alternative Launchers SHOULD include built-in support for AppWidgets, and expose user interface affordances to add, configure, view, and remove AppWidgets directly within the Launcher. Alternative Launchers MAY omit these user interface elements; however, if they are omitted, the device implementation MUST provide a separate application accessible from the Launcher that allows users to add, configure, view, and remove AppWidgets.

    Device implementations MUST be capable of rendering widgets that are 4 x 4 in the standard grid size. (See the App Widget Design Guidelines in the Android SDK documentation [ Resources, 18 ] for details.

    3.8.2. Notifications

    Android includes APIs that allow developers to notify users of notable events [ Resources, 19 ], using hardware and software features of the device.

    Some APIs allow applications to perform notifications or attract attention using hardware, specifically sound, vibration, and light. Device implementations MUST support notifications that use hardware features, as described in the SDK documentation, and to the extent possible with the device implementation hardware. For instance, if a device implementation includes a vibrator, it MUST correctly implement the vibration APIs. If a device implementation lacks hardware, the corresponding APIs MUST be implemented as no-ops. Note that this behavior is further detailed in Section 7.

    Additionally, the implementation MUST correctly render all resources (icons, sound files, etc.) provided for in the APIs [ Resources, 20 ], or in the Status/System Bar icon style guide [ Resources, 21 ]. Device implementers MAY provide an alternative user experience for notifications than that provided by the reference Android Open Source implementation; however, such alternative notification systems MUST support existing notification resources, as above.

    Android 4.2 includes support for rich notifications, such as interactive Views for ongoing notifications. Device implementations MUST properly display and execute rich notifications, as documented in the Android APIs.

    Android includes APIs [ Resources, 22 ] that allow developers to incorporate search into their applications, and expose their application's data into the global system search. Generally speaking, this functionality consists of a single, system-wide user interface that allows users to enter queries, displays suggestions as users type, and displays results. The Android APIs allow developers to reuse this interface to provide search within their own apps, and allow developers to supply results to the common global search user interface.

    Device implementations MUST include a single, shared, system-wide search user interface capable of real-time suggestions in response to user input. Device implementations MUST implement the APIs that allow developers to reuse this user interface to provide search within their own applications. Device implementations MUST implement the APIs that allow third-party applications to add suggestions to the search box when it is run in global search mode. If no third-party applications are installed that make use of this functionality, the default behavior SHOULD be to display web search engine results and suggestions.

    3.8.4. Toasts

    Applications can use the "Toast" API (defined in [ Resources, 23 ]) to display short non-modal strings to the end user, that disappear after a brief period of time. Device implementations MUST display Toasts from applications to end users in some high-visibility manner.

    3.8.5. Themes

    Android provides "themes" as a mechanism for applications to apply styles across an entire Activity or application. Android 4.2 includes a "Holo" or "holographic" theme as a set of defined styles for application developers to use if they want to match the Holo theme look and feel as defined by the Android SDK [ Resources, 24 ]. Device implementations MUST NOT alter any of the Holo theme attributes exposed to applications [ Resources, 25 ].

    Android 4.2 includes a new "Device Default" theme as a set of defined styles for application developers to use if they want to match the look and feel of the device theme as defined by the device implementer. Device implementations MAY modify the DeviceDefault theme attributes exposed to applications [ Resources, 25 ].

    3.8.6. Live Wallpapers

    Android defines a component type and corresponding API and lifecycle that allows applications to expose one or more "Live Wallpapers" to the end user [ Resources, 26 ]. Live Wallpapers are animations, patterns, or similar images with limited input capabilities that display as a wallpaper, behind other applications.

    Hardware is considered capable of reliably running live wallpapers if it can run all live wallpapers, with no limitations on functionality, at a reasonable framerate with no adverse affects on other applications. If limitations in the hardware cause wallpapers and/or applications to crash, malfunction, consume excessive CPU or battery power, or run at unacceptably low frame rates, the hardware is considered incapable of running live wallpaper. As an example, some live wallpapers may use an Open GL 1.0 or 2.0 context to render their content. Live wallpaper will not run reliably on hardware that does not support multiple OpenGL contexts because the live wallpaper use of an OpenGL context may conflict with other applications that also use an OpenGL context.

    Device implementations capable of running live wallpapers reliably as described above SHOULD implement live wallpapers. Device implementations determined to not run live wallpapers reliably as described above MUST NOT implement live wallpapers.

    3.8.7. Recent Application Display

    The upstream Android 4.2 source code includes a user interface for displaying recent applications using a thumbnail image of the application's graphical state at the moment the user last left the application. Device implementations MAY alter or eliminate this user interface; however, a future version of Android is planned to make more extensive use of this functionality. Device implementations are strongly encouraged to use the upstream Android 4.2 user interface (or a similar thumbnail-based interface) for recent applications, or else they may not be compatible with a future version of Android.

    3.8.8. Input Management Settings

    Android 4.2 includes support for Input Management Engines. The Android 4.2 APIs allow custom app IMEs to specify user-tunable settings. Device implementations MUST include a way for the user to access IME settings at all times when an IME that provides such user settings is displayed.

    3.8.9. Lock and Home Screen Widgets

    Android 4.2 includes support for application widgets that users can embed in the home screen or the lock screen (See the App Widget Design Guidelines in the Android SDK documentation [ Resources, 69 ] for details). Application widgets allow quick access to application data and services without launching a new activity. Widgets declare support for usage on the home screen or the lock screen by declaring the android:widgetCategory manifest tag that tells the system where the widget can be placed. Specifically, device implementations MUST meet the following requirements.

    • Device implementations MUST support application widgets on the home screen.
    • Device implementations SHOULD support lock screen. If device implementations include support for lock screen then device implementations MUST support application widgets on the lock screen.

    3.8.10. Lock Screen Media Remote Control

    Android 4.2 includes support for Remote Control API that lets media applications integrate with playback controls that are displayed in a remote view like the device lock screen[ Resources, 74 ]. Device implementations MUST include support for embedding remote controls in the device lock screen.

    3.8.11. Dreams

    Android 4.2 includes support for interactive screensavers called Dreams [ Resources, 76 ]. Dreams allows users to interact with applications when a charging device is idle, or docked in a desk dock. Device implementations MUST include support for Dreams and provide a settings option for users to configure Dreams.

    3.9 Device Administration

    Android 4.2 includes features that allow security-aware applications to perform device administration functions at the system level, such as enforcing password policies or performing remote wipe, through the Android Device Administration API [ Resources, 27 ]. Device implementations MUST provide an implementation of the DevicePolicyManager class [ Resources, 28 ], and SHOULD support the full range of device administration policies defined in the Android SDK documentation [ Resources, 27 ].

    Note: while some of the requirements outlined above are stated as "SHOULD" for Android 4.2, device implementations that support lock screen MUST support device policies to manage widgets on the lock screen as defined in the Android SDK documentation [ Resources, 27 ].

    Note: while some of the requirements outlined above are stated as "SHOULD" for Android 4.2, the Compatibility Definition for a future version is planned to change these to "MUST". That is, these requirements are optional in Android 4.2 but will be required by a future version. Existing and new devices that run Android 4.2 are very strongly encouraged to meet these requirements in Android 4.2 , or they will not be able to attain Android compatibility when upgraded to the future version.

    3.10 Accessibility

    Android 4.2 provides an accessibility layer that helps users with disabilities to navigate their devices more easily. In addition, Android 4.2 provides platform APIs that enable accessibility service implementations to receive callbacks for user and system events and generate alternate feedback mechanisms, such as text-to-speech, haptic feedback, and trackball/d-pad navigation [ Resources, 29 ]. Device implementations MUST provide an implementation of the Android accessibility framework consistent with the default Android implementation. Specifically, device implementations MUST meet the following requirements.

    • Device implementations MUST support third party accessibility service implementations through the android.accessibilityservice APIs [ Resources, 30 ].
    • Device implementations MUST generate AccessibilityEvents and deliver these events to all registered AccessibilityService implementations in a manner consistent with the default Android implementation.
    • Device implementations MUST provide a user-accessible mechanism to enable and disable accessibility services, and MUST display this interface in response to the android.provider.Settings.ACTION_ACCESSIBILITY_SETTINGS intent.

    Additionally, device implementations SHOULD provide an implementation of an accessibility service on the device, and SHOULD provide a mechanism for users to enable the accessibility service during device setup. An open source implementation of an accessibility service is available from the Eyes Free project [ Resources, 31 ].

    3.11 Text-to-Speech

    Android 4.2 includes APIs that allow applications to make use of text-to-speech (TTS) services, and allows service providers to provide implementations of TTS services [ Resources, 32 ]. Device implementations MUST meet these requirements related to the Android TTS framework:

    • Device implementations MUST support the Android TTS framework APIs and SHOULD include a TTS engine supporting the languages available on the device. Note that the upstream Android open source software includes a full-featured TTS engine implementation.
    • Device implementations MUST support installation of third-party TTS engines.
    • Device implementations MUST provide a user-accessible interface that allows users to select a TTS engine for use at the system level.

    4. Application Packaging Compatibility

    Device implementations MUST install and run Android ".apk" files as generated by the "aapt" tool included in the official Android SDK [ Resources, 33 ].

    Devices implementations MUST NOT extend either the .apk [ Resources, 34 ], Android Manifest [ Resources, 35 ], Dalvik bytecode [ Resources, 17 ], or renderscript bytecode formats in such a way that would prevent those files from installing and running correctly on other compatible devices. Device implementers SHOULD use the reference upstream implementation of Dalvik, and the reference implementation's package management system.

    5. Multimedia Compatibility

    Device implementations MUST include at least one form of audio output, such as speakers, headphone jack, external speaker connection, etc.

    5.1. Media Codecs

    Device implementations MUST support the core media formats specified in the Android SDK documentation [ Resources, 58 ] except where explicitly permitted in this document. Specifically, device implementations MUST support the media formats, encoders, decoders, file types and container formats defined in the tables below. All of these codecs are provided as software implementations in the preferred Android implementation from the Android Open Source Project.

    Please note that neither Google nor the Open Handset Alliance make any representation that these codecs are unencumbered by third-party patents. Those intending to use this source code in hardware or software products are advised that implementations of this code, including in open source software or shareware, may require patent licenses from the relevant patent holders.

    Note that these tables do not list specific bitrate requirements for most video codecs because current device hardware does not necessarily support bitrates that map exactly to the required bitrates specified by the relevant standards. Instead, device implementations SHOULD support the highest bitrate practical on the hardware, up to the limits defined by the specifications.

    유형 Format / Codec Encoder Decoder 세부 File Type(s) / Container Formats
    오디오 MPEG-4 AAC Profile (AAC LC) REQUIRED
    Required for device implementations that include microphone hardware and define android.hardware.microphone .
    REQUIRED Support for mono/stereo/5.0/5.1* content with standard sampling rates from 8 to 48 kHz.
    • 3GPP (.3gp)
    • MPEG-4 (.mp4, .m4a)
    • ADTS raw AAC (.aac, decode in Android 3.1+, encode in Android 4.0+, ADIF not supported)
    • MPEG-TS (.ts, not seekable, Android 3.0+)
    MPEG-4 HE AAC Profile (AAC+) REQUIRED for device implementations that include microphone hardware and define android.hardware.microphone REQUIRED Support for mono/stereo/5.0/5.1* content with standard sampling rates from 16 to 48 kHz.
    MPEG-4 HE AAC v2 Profile (enhanced AAC+) REQUIRED Support for mono/stereo/5.0/5.1* content with standard sampling rates from 16 to 48 kHz.
    MPEG-4 Audio Object Type ER AAC ELD (Enhanced Low Delay AAC) REQUIRED for device implementations that include microphone hardware and define android.hardware.microphone REQUIRED Support for mono/stereo content with standard sampling rates from 16 to 48 kHz.
    AMR-NB REQUIRED
    Required for device implementations that include microphone hardware and define android.hardware.microphone .
    REQUIRED 4.75 to 12.2 kbps sampled @ 8kHz 3GPP (.3gp)
    AMR-WB REQUIRED
    Required for device implementations that include microphone hardware and define android.hardware.microphone .
    REQUIRED 9 rates from 6.60 kbit/s to 23.85 kbit/s sampled @ 16kHz 3GPP (.3gp)
    FLAC REQUIRED
    (Android 3.1+)
    Mono/Stereo (no multichannel). Sample rates up to 48 kHz (but up to 44.1 kHz is recommended on devices with 44.1 kHz output, as the 48 to 44.1 kHz downsampler does not include a low-pass filter). 16-bit recommended; no dither applied for 24-bit. FLAC (.flac) only
    MP3 REQUIRED Mono/Stereo 8-320Kbps constant (CBR) or variable bit-rate (VBR) MP3 (.mp3)
    MIDI REQUIRED MIDI Type 0 and 1. DLS Version 1 and 2. XMF and Mobile XMF. Support for ringtone formats RTTTL/RTX, OTA, and iMelody
    • Type 0 and 1 (.mid, .xmf, .mxmf)
    • RTTTL/RTX (.rtttl, .rtx)
    • OTA (.ota)
    • iMelody (.imy)
    Vorbis REQUIRED
    • Ogg (.ogg)
    • Matroska (.mkv)
    PCM/WAVE REQUIRED REQUIRED 8-bit and 16-bit linear PCM** (rates up to limit of hardware).Devices MUST support sampling rates for raw PCM recording at 8000,16000 and 44100 Hz frequencies WAVE (.wav)
    Image JPEG REQUIRED REQUIRED Base+progressive JPEG (.jpg)
    GIF REQUIRED GIF (.gif)
    PNG REQUIRED REQUIRED PNG (.png)
    BMP REQUIRED BMP (.bmp)
    WEBP REQUIRED REQUIRED WebP (.webp)
    Video H.263 REQUIRED
    Required for device implementations that include camera hardware and define android.hardware.camera or android.hardware.camera.front .
    REQUIRED
    • 3GPP (.3gp)
    • MPEG-4 (.mp4)
    H.264 AVC REQUIRED
    Required for device implementations that include camera hardware and define android.hardware.camera or android.hardware.camera.front .
    REQUIRED Baseline Profile (BP)
    • 3GPP (.3gp)
    • MPEG-4 (.mp4)
    • MPEG-TS (.ts, AAC audio only, not seekable, Android 3.0+)
    MPEG-4 SP REQUIRED 3GPP (.3gp)
    VP8 REQUIRED
    (Android 2.3.3+)
    WebM (.webm) and Matroska (.mkv, Android 4.0+)
    *Note: Only downmix of 5.0/5.1 content is required; recording or rendering more than 2 channels is optional. **Note: 16-bit linear PCM capture is mandatory. 8-bit linear PCM capture is not mandatory.

    5.2 Video Encoding

    Android device implementations that include a rear-facing camera and declare android.hardware.camera SHOULD support the following video encoding profiles.

    SD (Low quality) SD (High quality) HD (When supported by hardware)
    Video codec H.264 Baseline Profile H.264 Baseline Profile H.264 Baseline Profile
    Video resolution 176 x 144 px 480 x 360 px 1280 x 720 px
    Video frame rate 12 fps 30 fps 30 fps
    Video bitrate 56 Kbps 500 Kbps or higher 2 Mbps or higher
    Audio codec AAC-LC AAC-LC AAC-LC
    Audio channels 1 (mono) 2 (stereo) 2 (stereo)
    Audio bitrate 24 Kbps 128 Kbps 192 Kbps

    5.3 Video Decoding

    Android device implementations SHOULD support the following VP8 video decoding profiles.

    SD (Low quality) SD (High quality) HD 720p
    (When supported by hardware)
    HD 1080p
    (When supported by hardware)
    Video resolution 320 x 180 px 640 x 360 px 1280 x 720 px 1920 x 1080 px
    Video frame rate 30 fps 30 fps 30 fps 30 fps
    Video bitrate 800 Kbps 2 Mbps 8 Mbps 20 Mbps

    5.4. Audio Recording

    When an application has used the android.media.AudioRecord API to start recording an audio stream, device implementations that include microphone hardware and declare android.hardware.microphone MUST sample and record audio with each of these behaviors:

    • The device SHOULD exhibit approximately flat amplitude versus frequency characteristics; specifically, ±3 dB, from 100 Hz to 4000 Hz
    • Audio input sensitivity SHOULD be set such that a 90 dB sound power level (SPL) source at 1000 Hz yields RMS of 2500 for 16-bit samples.
    • PCM amplitude levels SHOULD linearly track input SPL changes over at least a 30 dB range from -18 dB to +12 dB re 90 dB SPL at the microphone.
    • Total harmonic distortion SHOULD be less than 1% for 1Khz at 90 dB SPL input level.

    In addition to the above recording specifications, when an application has started recording an audio stream using the android.media.MediaRecorder.AudioSource.VOICE_RECOGNITION audio source:

    • Noise reduction processing, if present, MUST be disabled.
    • Automatic gain control, if present, MUST be disabled.

    Note: while some of the requirements outlined above are stated as "SHOULD" for Android 4.2, the Compatibility Definition for a future version is planned to change these to "MUST". That is, these requirements are optional in Android 4.2 but will be required by a future version. Existing and new devices that run Android 4.2 are very strongly encouraged to meet these requirements in Android 4.2 , or they will not be able to attain Android compatibility when upgraded to the future version.

    5.5. Audio Latency

    Audio latency is the time delay as an audio signal passes through a system. Many classes of applications rely on short latencies, to achieve real-time effects such sound effects or VOIP communication.

    For the purposes of this section:

    • "output latency" is defined as the interval between when an application writes a frame of PCM-coded data and when the corresponding sound can be heard by an external listener or observed by a transducer
    • "cold output latency" is defined as the output latency for the first frame, when the audio output system has been idle and powered down prior to the request
    • "continuous output latency" is defined as the output latency for subsequent frames, after the device is already playing audio
    • "input latency" is the interval between when an external sound is presented to the device and when an application reads the corresponding frame of PCM-coded data
    • "cold input latency" is defined as the sum of lost input time and the input latency for the first frame, when the audio input system has been idle and powered down prior to the request
    • "continuous input latency" is defined as the input latency for subsequent frames, while the device is already capturing audio
    • "OpenSL ES PCM buffer queue API" is the set of PCM-related OpenSL ES APIs within Android NDK; see NDK_root /docs/opensles/index.html

    Per Section 5 , all compatible device implementations MUST include at least one form of audio output. Device implementations SHOULD meet or exceed these output latency requirements:

    • cold output latency of 100 milliseconds or less
    • continuous output latency of 45 milliseconds or less

    If a device implementation meets the requirements of this section after any initial calibration when using the OpenSL ES PCM buffer queue API, for continuous output latency and cold output latency over at least one supported audio output device, it MAY report support for low-latency audio, by reporting the feature "android.hardware.audio.low-latency" via the android.content.pm.PackageManager class. [ Resources, 37 ] Conversely, if the device implementation does not meet these requirements it MUST NOT report support for low-latency audio.

    Per Section 7.2.5 , microphone hardware may be omitted by device implementations.

    Device implementations that include microphone hardware and declare android.hardware.microphone SHOULD meet these input audio latency requirements:

    • cold input latency of 100 milliseconds or less
    • continuous input latency of 50 milliseconds or less

    5.6. Network Protocols

    Devices MUST support the media network protocols for audio and video playback as specified in the Android SDK documentation [ Resources, 58 ]. Specifically, devices MUST support the following media network protocols:

    • RTSP (RTP, SDP)
    • HTTP(S) progressive streaming
    • HTTP(S) Live Streaming draft protocol, Version 3 [ Resources, 59 ]

    6. Developer Tools and Options Compatibility

    6.1 Developer Tools

    Device implementations MUST support the Android Developer Tools provided in the Android SDK. Specifically, Android-compatible devices MUST be compatible with:

    • Android Debug Bridge (known as adb) [ Resources, 33 ]
      Device implementations MUST support all adb functions as documented in the Android SDK. The device-side adb daemon MUST be inactive by default, and there MUST be a user-accessible mechanism to turn on the Android Debug Bridge.
    • Android 4.2.2 includes support for secure adb. Secure adb enables adb on known authenticated hosts. Existing and new devices that run Android 4.2.2 are very strongly encouraged to meet this requirement in Android 4.2 , or they will not be able to attain Android compatibility when upgraded to the future version.

    • Dalvik Debug Monitor Service (known as ddms) [ Resources, 33 ]
      Device implementations MUST support all ddms features as documented in the Android SDK. As ddms uses adb , support for ddms SHOULD be inactive by default, but MUST be supported whenever the user has activated the Android Debug Bridge, as above.
    • Monkey [ Resources, 36 ]
      Device implementations MUST include the Monkey framework, and make it available for applications to use.
    • SysTrace [ Resources, 33 ]
      Device implementations MUST support systrace tool as documented in the Android SDK. Systrace must be inactive by default, and there MUST be a user-accessible mechanism to turn on Systrace.

    Most Linux-based systems and Apple Macintosh systems recognize Android devices using the standard Android SDK tools, without additional support; however Microsoft Windows systems typically require a driver for new Android devices. (For instance, new vendor IDs and sometimes new device IDs require custom USB drivers for Windows systems.) If a device implementation is unrecognized by the adb tool as provided in the standard Android SDK, device implementers MUST provide Windows drivers allowing developers to connect to the device using the adb protocol. These drivers MUST be provided for Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Windows 8, in both 32-bit and 64-bit versions.

    6.2 Developer Options

    Android 4.2 includes support for developers to configure application development-related settings. Device implementations MUST honor the android.settings.APPLICATION_DEVELOPMENT_SETTINGS intent to show application development-related settings [ Resources, 77 ]. The upstream Android implementation hides the Developer Options menu by default, and enables users to launch Developer Options after pressing seven (7) times on the Settings > About Device > Build Number menu item. Device implementations MUST provide a consistent experience for Developer Options. Specifically, device implementations MUST hide Developer Options by default and MUST provide a mechanism to enable Developer Options that is consistent with the upstream Android implementation.

    7. Hardware Compatibility

    If a device includes a particular hardware component that has a corresponding API for third-party developers, the device implementation MUST implement that API as described in the Android SDK documentation. If an API in the SDK interacts with a hardware component that is stated to be optional and the device implementation does not possess that component:

    • complete class definitions (as documented by the SDK) for the component's APIs MUST still be present
    • the API's behaviors MUST be implemented as no-ops in some reasonable fashion
    • API methods MUST return null values where permitted by the SDK documentation
    • API methods MUST return no-op implementations of classes where null values are not permitted by the SDK documentation
    • API methods MUST NOT throw exceptions not documented by the SDK documentation

    A typical example of a scenario where these requirements apply is the telephony API: even on non-phone devices, these APIs must be implemented as reasonable no-ops.

    Device implementations MUST accurately report accurate hardware configuration information via the getSystemAvailableFeatures() and hasSystemFeature(String) methods on the android.content.pm.PackageManager class. [ Resources, 37 ]

    7.1. Display and Graphics

    Android 4.2 includes facilities that automatically adjust application assets and UI layouts appropriately for the device, to ensure that third-party applications run well on a variety of hardware configurations [ Resources, 38 ]. Devices MUST properly implement these APIs and behaviors, as detailed in this section.

    The units referenced by the requirements in this section are defined as follows:

    • "Physical diagonal size" is the distance in inches between two opposing corners of the illuminated portion of the display.
    • "dpi" (meaning "dots per inch") is the number of pixels encompassed by a linear horizontal or vertical span of 1". Where dpi values are listed, both horizontal and vertical dpi must fall within the range.
    • "Aspect ratio" is the ratio of the longer dimension of the screen to the shorter dimension. For example, a display of 480x854 pixels would be 854 / 480 = 1.779, or roughly "16:9".
    • A "density-independent pixel" or ("dp") is the virtual pixel unit normalized to a 160 dpi screen, calculated as: pixels = dps * (density / 160) .

    7.1.1. Screen Configuration

    Screen Size

    The Android UI framework supports a variety of different screen sizes, and allows applications to query the device screen size (aka "screen layout") via android.content.res.Configuration.screenLayout with the SCREENLAYOUT_SIZE_MASK . Device implementations MUST report the correct screen size as defined in the Android SDK documentation [ Resources, 38 ] and determined by the upstream Android platform. Specifically, device implementations must report the correct screen size according to the following logical density-independent pixel (dp) screen dimensions.

    • Devices MUST have screen sizes of at least 426 dp x 320 dp ('small')
    • Devices that report screen size 'normal' MUST have screen sizes of at least 480 dp x 320 dp
    • Devices that report screen size 'large' MUST have screen sizes of at least 640 dp x 480 dp
    • Devices that report screen size 'xlarge' MUST have screen sizes of at least 960 dp x 720 dp

    In addition, devices MUST have screen sizes of at least 2.5 inches in physical diagonal size.

    Devices MUST NOT change their reported screen size at any time.

    Applications optionally indicate which screen sizes they support via the <supports-screens> attribute in the AndroidManifest.xml file. Device implementations MUST correctly honor applications' stated support for small, normal, large, and xlarge screens, as described in the Android SDK documentation.

    Screen Aspect Ratio

    The aspect ratio MUST be between 1.3333 (4:3) and 1.85 (16:9).

    Screen Density

    The Android UI framework defines a set of standard logical densities to help application developers target application resources. Device implementations MUST report one of the following logical Android framework densities through the android.util.DisplayMetrics APIs, and MUST execute applications at this standard density.

    • 120 dpi, known as 'ldpi'
    • 160 dpi, known as 'mdpi'
    • 213 dpi, known as 'tvdpi'
    • 240 dpi, known as 'hdpi'
    • 320 dpi, known as 'xhdpi'
    • 480 dpi, known as 'xxhdpi'
    Device implementations SHOULD define the standard Android framework density that is numerically closest to the physical density of the screen, unless that logical density pushes the reported screen size below the minimum supported. If the standard Android framework density that is numerically closest to the physical density results in a screen size that is smaller than the smallest supported compatible screen size (320 dp width), device implementations SHOULD report the next lowest standard Android framework density.

    7.1.2. Display Metrics

    Device implementations MUST report correct values for all display metrics defined in android.util.DisplayMetrics [ Resources, 39 ].

    7.1.3. Screen Orientation

    Devices MUST support dynamic orientation by applications to either portrait or landscape screen orientation. That is, the device must respect the application's request for a specific screen orientation. Device implementations MAY select either portrait or landscape orientation as the default.

    Devices MUST report the correct value for the device's current orientation, whenever queried via the android.content.res.Configuration.orientation, android.view.Display.getOrientation(), or other APIs.

    Devices MUST NOT change the reported screen size or density when changing orientation.

    Devices MUST report which screen orientations they support ( android.hardware.screen.portrait and/or android.hardware.screen.landscape ) and MUST report at least one supported orientation. For example, a device with a fixed-orientation landscape screen, such as a television or laptop, MUST only report android.hardware.screen.landscape .

    7.1.4. 2D and 3D Graphics Acceleration

    Device implementations MUST support both OpenGL ES 1.0 and 2.0, as embodied and detailed in the Android SDK documentations. Device implementations MUST also support Android Renderscript, as detailed in the Android SDK documentation [ Resources, 8 ].

    Device implementations MUST also correctly identify themselves as supporting OpenGL ES 1.0 and 2.0. That is:

    • The managed APIs (such as via the GLES10.getString() method) MUST report support for OpenGL ES 1.0 and 2.0
    • The native C/C++ OpenGL APIs (that is, those available to apps via libGLES_v1CM.so, libGLES_v2.so, or libEGL.so) MUST report support for OpenGL ES 1.0 and 2.0.

    Device implementations MAY implement any desired OpenGL ES extensions. However, device implementations MUST report via the OpenGL ES managed and native APIs all extension strings that they do support, and conversely MUST NOT report extension strings that they do not support.

    Note that Android 4.2 includes support for applications to optionally specify that they require specific OpenGL texture compression formats. These formats are typically vendor-specific. Device implementations are not required by Android 4.2 to implement any specific texture compression format. However, they SHOULD accurately report any texture compression formats that they do support, via the getString() method in the OpenGL API.

    Android 4.2 includes a mechanism for applications to declare that they wanted to enable hardware acceleration for 2D graphics at the Application, Activity, Window or View level through the use of a manifest tag android:hardwareAccelerated or direct API calls [ Resources, 9 ].

    In Android 4.2, device implementations MUST enable hardware acceleration by default, and MUST disable hardware acceleration if the developer so requests by setting android:hardwareAccelerated="false" or disabling hardware acceleration directly through the Android View APIs.

    In addition, device implementations MUST exhibit behavior consistent with the Android SDK documentation on hardware acceleration [ Resources, 9 ].

    Android 4.2 includes a TextureView object that lets developers directly integrate hardware-accelerated OpenGL ES textures as rendering targets in a UI hierarchy. Device implementations MUST support the TextureView API, and MUST exhibit consistent behavior with the upstream Android implementation.

    7.1.5. Legacy Application Compatibility Mode

    Android 4.2 specifies a "compatibility mode" in which the framework operates in an 'normal' screen size equivalent (320dp width) mode for the benefit of legacy applications not developed for old versions of Android that pre-date screen-size independence. Device implementations MUST include support for legacy application compatibility mode as implemented by the upstream Android open source code. That is, device implementations MUST NOT alter the triggers or thresholds at which compatibility mode is activated, and MUST NOT alter the behavior of the compatibility mode itself.

    7.1.6. Screen Types

    Device implementation screens are classified as one of two types:

    • Fixed-pixel display implementations: the screen is a single panel that supports only a single pixel width and height. Typically the screen is physically integrated with the device. Examples include mobile phones, tablets, and so on.
    • Variable-pixel display implementations: the device implementation either has no embedded screen and includes a video output port such as VGA, HDMI or a wireless port for display, or has an embedded screen that can change pixel dimensions. Examples include televisions, set-top boxes, and so on.

    Fixed-Pixel Device Implementations

    Fixed-pixel device implementations MAY use screens of any pixel dimensions, provided that they meet the requirements defined this Compatibility Definition.

    Fixed-pixel implementations MAY include a video output port for use with an external display. However, if that display is ever used for running apps, the device MUST meet the following requirements:

    • The device MUST report the same screen configuration and display metrics, as detailed in Sections 7.1.1 and 7.1.2, as the fixed-pixel display.
    • The device MUST report the same logical density as the fixed-pixel display.
    • The device MUST report screen dimensions that are the same as, or very close to, the fixed-pixel display.

    For example, a tablet that is 7" diagonal size with a 1024x600 pixel resolution is considered a fixed-pixel large mdpi display implementation. If it contains a video output port that displays at 720p or 1080p, the device implementation MUST scale the output so that applications are only executed in a large mdpi window, regardless of whether the fixed-pixel display or video output port is in use.

    Variable-Pixel Device Implementations

    Variable-pixel device implementations MUST support one or both of 1280x720, or 1920x1080 (that is, 720p or 1080p). Device implementations with variable-pixel displays MUST NOT support any other screen configuration or mode. Device implementations with variable-pixel screens MAY change screen configuration or mode at runtime or boot-time. For example, a user of a set-top box may replace a 720p display with a 1080p display, and the device implementation may adjust accordingly.

    Additionally, variable-pixel device implementations MUST report the following configuration buckets for these pixel dimensions:

    • 1280x720 (also known as 720p): 'large' screen size, 'tvdpi' (213 dpi) density
    • 1920x1080 (also known as 1080p): 'large' screen size, 'xhdpi' (320 dpi) density

    For clarity, device implementations with variable pixel dimensions are restricted to 720p or 1080p in Android 4.2, and MUST be configured to report screen size and density buckets as noted above.

    7.1.7. Screen Technology

    The Android platform includes APIs that allow applications to render rich graphics to the display. Devices MUST support all of these APIs as defined by the Android SDK unless specifically allowed in this document. Specifically:

    • Devices MUST support displays capable of rendering 16-bit color graphics and SHOULD support displays capable of 24-bit color graphics.
    • Devices MUST support displays capable of rendering animations.
    • The display technology used MUST have a pixel aspect ratio (PAR) between 0.9 and 1.1. That is, the pixel aspect ratio MUST be near square (1.0) with a 10% tolerance.

    7.1.8. External Displays

    Android 4.2 includes support for secondary display to enable media sharing capabilities and developer APIs for accessing external displays. If a device supports an external display either via a wired, wireless or an embedded additional display connection then the device implementation MUST implement the display manager API as described in the Android SDK documentation [ Resources, 75 ]. Device implementations that support secure video output and are capable of supporting secure surfaces MUST declare support for Display.SECURE_FLAG . Specifically, device implementations that declare support for Display.SECURE_FLAG , MUST support HDCP 2.x or higher for Miracast wireless displays or HDCP 1.2 or higher for wired displays. The upstream Android open source implementation includes support for wireless (Miracast) and wired (HDMI) displays that satisfies this requirement.

    7.2. Input Devices

    7.2.1. Keyboard

    Device implementations:

    • MUST include support for the Input Management Framework (which allows third party developers to create Input Management Engines - ie soft keyboard) as detailed at http://developer.android.com
    • MUST provide at least one soft keyboard implementation (regardless of whether a hard keyboard is present)
    • MAY include additional soft keyboard implementations
    • MAY include a hardware keyboard
    • MUST NOT include a hardware keyboard that does not match one of the formats specified in android.content.res.Configuration.keyboard [ Resources, 40 ] (that is, QWERTY, or 12-key)

    7.2.2. Non-touch Navigation

    Device implementations:

    • MAY omit a non-touch navigation option (that is, may omit a trackball, d-pad, or wheel)
    • MUST report the correct value for android.content.res.Configuration.navigation [ Resources, 40 ]
    • MUST provide a reasonable alternative user interface mechanism for the selection and editing of text, compatible with Input Management Engines. The upstream Android open source implementation includes a selection mechanism suitable for use with devices that lack non-touch navigation inputs.

    7.2.3. Navigation keys

    The Home, Menu and Back functions are essential to the Android navigation paradigm. Device implementations MUST make these functions available to the user at all times when running applications. These functions MAY be implemented via dedicated physical buttons (such as mechanical or capacitive touch buttons), or MAY be implemented using dedicated software keys, gestures, touch panel, etc. Android 4.2 supports both implementations.

    Android 4.2 includes support for assist action [ Resources, 63 ]. Device implementations MUST make the assist action available to the user at all times when running applications. This function MAY be implemented via hardware or software keys.

    Device implementations MAY use a distinct portion of the screen to display the navigation keys, but if so, MUST meet these requirements:

    • Device implementation navigation keys MUST use a distinct portion of the screen, not available to applications, and MUST NOT obscure or otherwise interfere with the portion of the screen available to applications.
    • Device implementations MUST make available a portion of the display to applications that meets the requirements defined in Section 7.1.1 .
    • Device implementations MUST display the navigation keys when applications do not specify a system UI mode, or specify SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_VISIBLE .
    • Device implementations MUST present the navigation keys in an unobtrusive "low profile" (eg. dimmed) mode when applications specify SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_LOW_PROFILE .
    • Device implementations MUST hide the navigation keys when applications specify SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_HIDE_NAVIGATION .
    • Device implementation MUST present a Menu key to applications when targetSdkVersion <= 10 and SHOULD NOT present a Menu key when the targetSdkVersion > 10.

    7.2.4. Touchscreen input

    Device implementations:

    • MUST have a pointer input system of some kind (either mouse-like, or touch)
    • MAY have a touchscreen of any modality (such as capacitive or resistive)
    • SHOULD support fully independently tracked pointers, if a touchscreen supports multiple pointers
    • MUST report the value of android.content.res.Configuration [ Resources, 39 ] reflecting corresponding to the type of the specific touchscreen on the device

    Device implementations MUST report the correct feature corresponding to the type of input used. Note that Android 4.2 includes the feature android.hardware.faketouch , which corresponds to a high-fidelity non-touch (that is, pointer-based) input device such as a mouse or trackpad that can adequately emulate touch-based input (including basic gesture support), and indicates that the device supports an emulated subset of touchscreen functionality. Device implementations that include a touchscreen (single-touch or better) MUST also report android.hardware.faketouch. Device implementations that do not include a touchscreen (and rely on a pointer device only) MUST NOT report any touchscreen feature, and MUST report only android.hardware.faketouch .

    7.2.5. Microphone

    Device implementations MAY omit a microphone. However, if a device implementation omits a microphone, it MUST NOT report the android.hardware.microphone feature constant, and must implement the audio recording API as no-ops, per Section 7 . Conversely, device implementations that do possess a microphone:

    • MUST report the android.hardware.microphone feature constant
    • SHOULD meet the audio quality requirements in Section 5.4
    • SHOULD meet the audio latency requirements in Section 5.5

    7.3. Sensors

    Android 4.2 includes APIs for accessing a variety of sensor types. Devices implementations generally MAY omit these sensors, as provided for in the following subsections. If a device includes a particular sensor type that has a corresponding API for third-party developers, the device implementation MUST implement that API as described in the Android SDK documentation. For example, device implementations:

    • MUST accurately report the presence or absence of sensors per the android.content.pm.PackageManager class. [ Resources, 37 ]
    • MUST return an accurate list of supported sensors via the SensorManager.getSensorList() and similar methods
    • MUST behave reasonably for all other sensor APIs (for example, by returning true or false as appropriate when applications attempt to register listeners, not calling sensor listeners when the corresponding sensors are not present; etc.)
    • MUST report all sensor measurements using the relevant International System of Units (ie metric) values for each sensor type as defined in the Android SDK documentation [ Resources, 41 ]

    The list above is not comprehensive; the documented behavior of the Android SDK is to be considered authoritative.

    Some sensor types are synthetic, meaning they can be derived from data provided by one or more other sensors. (Examples include the orientation sensor, and the linear acceleration sensor.) Device implementations SHOULD implement these sensor types, when they include the prerequisite physical sensors.

    The Android 4.2 includes a notion of a "streaming" sensor, which is one that returns data continuously, rather than only when the data changes. Device implementations MUST continuously provide periodic data samples for any API indicated by the Android 4.2 SDK documentation to be a streaming sensor. Note that the device implementations MUST ensure that the sensor stream must not prevent the device CPU from entering a suspend state or waking up from a suspend state.

    7.3.1. Accelerometer

    Device implementations SHOULD include a 3-axis accelerometer. If a device implementation does include a 3-axis accelerometer, it:

    • SHOULD be able to deliver events at 120 Hz or greater. Note that while the accelerometer frequency above is stated as "SHOULD" for Android 4.2, the Compatibility Definition for a future version is planned to change these to "MUST". That is, these standards are optional in Android 4.2 but will be required in future versions. Existing and new devices that run Android 4.2 are very strongly encouraged to meet these requirements in Android 4.2 so they will be able to upgrade to the future platform releases
    • MUST comply with the Android sensor coordinate system as detailed in the Android APIs (see [ Resources, 41 ])
    • MUST be capable of measuring from freefall up to twice gravity (2g) or more on any three-dimensional vector
    • MUST have 8-bits of accuracy or more
    • MUST have a standard deviation no greater than 0.05 m/s^2

    7.3.2. Magnetometer

    Device implementations SHOULD include a 3-axis magnetometer (ie compass.) If a device does include a 3-axis magnetometer, it:

    • MUST be able to deliver events at 10 Hz or greater
    • MUST comply with the Android sensor coordinate system as detailed in the Android APIs (see [ Resources, 41 ]).
    • MUST be capable of sampling a range of field strengths adequate to cover the geomagnetic field
    • MUST have 8-bits of accuracy or more
    • MUST have a standard deviation no greater than 0.5 µT

    7.3.3. GPS

    Device implementations SHOULD include a GPS receiver. If a device implementation does include a GPS receiver, it SHOULD include some form of "assisted GPS" technique to minimize GPS lock-on time.

    7.3.4. Gyroscope

    Device implementations SHOULD include a gyroscope (ie angular change sensor.) Devices SHOULD NOT include a gyroscope sensor unless a 3-axis accelerometer is also included. If a device implementation includes a gyroscope, it:

    • MUST be temperature compensated
    • MUST be capable of measuring orientation changes up to 5.5*Pi radians/second (that is, approximately 1,000 degrees per second)
    • SHOULD be able to deliver events at 200 Hz or greater. Note that while the gyroscope frequency above is stated as "SHOULD" for Android 4.2, the Compatibility Definition for a future version is planned to change these to "MUST". That is, these standards are optional in Android 4.2 but will be required in future versions. Existing and new devices that run Android 4.2 are very strongly encouraged to meet these requirements in Android 4.2 so they will be able to upgrade to the future platform releases
    • MUST have 12-bits of accuracy or more
    • MUST have a variance no greater than 1e-7 rad^2 / s^2 per Hz (variance per Hz, or rad^2 / s). The variance is allowed to vary with the sampling rate, but must be constrained by this value. In other words, if you measure the variance of the gyro at 1 Hz sampling rate it should be no greater than 1e-7 rad^2/s^2.
    • MUST have timestamps as close to when the hardware event happened as possible. The constant latency must be removed.

    7.3.5. Barometer

    Device implementations MAY include a barometer (ie ambient air pressure sensor.) If a device implementation includes a barometer, it:

    • MUST be able to deliver events at 5 Hz or greater
    • MUST have adequate precision to enable estimating altitude
    • MUST be temperature compensated

    7.3.7. Thermometer

    Device implementations MAY but SHOULD NOT include a thermometer (ie temperature sensor.) If a device implementation does include a thermometer, it MUST measure the temperature of the device CPU. It MUST NOT measure any other temperature. (Note that this sensor type is deprecated in the Android 4.2 APIs.)

    7.3.7. Photometer

    Device implementations MAY include a photometer (ie ambient light sensor.)

    7.3.8. Proximity Sensor

    Device implementations MAY include a proximity sensor. If a device implementation does include a proximity sensor, it MUST measure the proximity of an object in the same direction as the screen. That is, the proximity sensor MUST be oriented to detect objects close to the screen, as the primary intent of this sensor type is to detect a phone in use by the user. If a device implementation includes a proximity sensor with any other orientation, it MUST NOT be accessible through this API. If a device implementation has a proximity sensor, it MUST be have 1-bit of accuracy or more.

    7.4. Data Connectivity

    7.4.1. Telephony

    "Telephony" as used by the Android 4.2 APIs and this document refers specifically to hardware related to placing voice calls and sending SMS messages via a GSM or CDMA network. While these voice calls may or may not be packet-switched, they are for the purposes of Android 4.2 considered independent of any data connectivity that may be implemented using the same network. In other words, the Android "telephony" functionality and APIs refer specifically to voice calls and SMS; for instance, device implementations that cannot place calls or send/receive SMS messages MUST NOT report the "android.hardware.telephony" feature or any sub-features, regardless of whether they use a cellular network for data connectivity.

    Android 4.2 MAY be used on devices that do not include telephony hardware. That is, Android 4.2 is compatible with devices that are not phones. However, if a device implementation does include GSM or CDMA telephony, it MUST implement full support for the API for that technology. Device implementations that do not include telephony hardware MUST implement the full APIs as no-ops.

    7.4.2. IEEE 802.11 (WiFi)

    Android 4.2 device implementations SHOULD include support for one or more forms of 802.11 (b/g/a/n, etc.) If a device implementation does include support for 802.11, it MUST implement the corresponding Android API.

    Device implementations MUST implement the multicast API as described in the SDK documentation [ Resources, 62 ]. Device implementations that do include Wifi support MUST support multicast DNS (mDNS). Device implementations MUST not filter mDNS packets (224.0.0.251) at any time of operation including when the screen is not in an active state.

    7.4.2.1. WiFi Direct

    Device implementations SHOULD include support for Wifi direct (Wifi peer-to-peer). If a device implementation does include support for Wifi direct, it MUST implement the corresponding Android API as described in the SDK documentation [ Resources, 68 ]. If a device implementation includes support for Wifi direct, then it:

    • MUST support regular Wifi operation
    • SHOULD support concurrent wifi and wifi Direct operation

    7.4.3. 블루투스

    Device implementations SHOULD include a Bluetooth transceiver. Device implementations that do include a Bluetooth transceiver MUST enable the RFCOMM-based Bluetooth API as described in the SDK documentation [ Resources, 42 ]. Device implementations SHOULD implement relevant Bluetooth profiles, such as A2DP, AVRCP, OBEX, etc. as appropriate for the device.

    The Compatibility Test Suite includes cases that cover basic operation of the Android RFCOMM Bluetooth API. However, since Bluetooth is a communications protocol between devices, it cannot be fully tested by unit tests running on a single device. Consequently, device implementations MUST also pass the human-driven Bluetooth test procedure described in Appendix A.

    7.4.4. Near-Field Communications

    Device implementations SHOULD include a transceiver and related hardware for Near-Field Communications (NFC). If a device implementation does include NFC hardware, then it:

    • MUST report the android.hardware.nfc feature from the android.content.pm.PackageManager.hasSystemFeature() method. [ Resources, 37 ]
    • MUST be capable of reading and writing NDEF messages via the following NFC standards:
      • MUST be capable of acting as an NFC Forum reader/writer (as defined by the NFC Forum technical specification NFCForum-TS-DigitalProtocol-1.0) via the following NFC standards:
        • NfcA (ISO14443-3A)
        • NfcB (ISO14443-3B)
        • NfcF (JIS 6319-4)
        • IsoDep (ISO 14443-4)
        • NFC Forum Tag Types 1, 2, 3, 4 (defined by the NFC Forum)
    • SHOULD be capable of reading and writing NDEF messages via the following NFC standards. Note that while the NFC standards below are stated as "SHOULD" for Android 4.2, the Compatibility Definition for a future version is planned to change these to "MUST". That is, these standards are optional in Android 4.2 but will be required in future versions. Existing and new devices that run Android 4.2 are very strongly encouraged to meet these requirements in Android 4.2 so they will be able to upgrade to the future platform releases.
      • NfcV (ISO 15693)
    • MUST be capable of transmitting and receiving data via the following peer-to-peer standards and protocols:
      • ISO 18092
      • LLCP 1.0 (defined by the NFC Forum)
      • SDP 1.0 (defined by the NFC Forum)
      • NDEF Push Protocol [ Resources, 43 ]
      • SNEP 1.0 (defined by the NFC Forum)
    • MUST include support for Android Beam [ Resources, 65 ]:
      • MUST implement the SNEP default server. Valid NDEF messages received by the default SNEP server MUST be dispatched to applications using the android.nfc.ACTION_NDEF_DISCOVERED intent. Disabling Android Beam in settings MUST NOT disable dispatch of incoming NDEF message.
      • Device implementations MUST honor the android.settings.NFCSHARING_SETTINGS intent to show NFC sharing settings [ Resources, 67 ].
      • MUST implement the NPP server. Messages received by the NPP server MUST be processed the same way as the SNEP default server.
      • MUST implement a SNEP client and attempt to send outbound P2P NDEF to the default SNEP server when Android Beam is enabled. If no default SNEP server is found then the client MUST attempt to send to an NPP server.
      • MUST allow foreground activities to set the outbound P2P NDEF message using android.nfc.NfcAdapter.setNdefPushMessage, and android.nfc.NfcAdapter.setNdefPushMessageCallback, and android.nfc.NfcAdapter.enableForegroundNdefPush.
      • SHOULD use a gesture or on-screen confirmation, such as 'Touch to Beam', before sending outbound P2P NDEF messages.
      • SHOULD enable Android Beam by default
      • MUST support NFC Connection handover to Bluetooth when the device supports Bluetooth Object Push Profile. Device implementations must support connection handover to Bluetooth when using android.nfc.NfcAdapter.setBeamPushUris, by implementing the "Connection Handover version 1.2" [ Resources, 60 ] and "Bluetooth Secure Simple Pairing Using NFC version 1.0" [ Resources, 61 ] specs from the NFC Forum. Such an implementation SHOULD use SNEP GET requests for exchanging the handover request / select records over NFC, and it MUST use the Bluetooth Object Push Profile for the actual Bluetooth data transfer.
    • MUST poll for all supported technologies while in NFC discovery mode.
    • SHOULD be in NFC discovery mode while the device is awake with the screen active and the lock-screen unlocked.

    (Note that publicly available links are not available for the JIS, ISO, and NFC Forum specifications cited above.)

    Additionally, device implementations MAY include reader/writer support for the following MIFARE technologies.

    Note that Android 4.2 includes APIs for these MIFARE types. If a device implementation supports MIFARE in the reader/writer role, it:

    • MUST implement the corresponding Android APIs as documented by the Android SDK
    • MUST report the feature com.nxp.mifare from the android.content.pm.PackageManager.hasSystemFeature() method. [ Resources, 37 ] Note that this is not a standard Android feature, and as such does not appear as a constant on the PackageManager class.
    • MUST NOT implement the corresponding Android APIs nor report the com.nxp.mifare feature unless it also implements general NFC support as described in this section

    If a device implementation does not include NFC hardware, it MUST NOT declare the android.hardware.nfc feature from the android.content.pm.PackageManager.hasSystemFeature() method [ Resources, 37 ], and MUST implement the Android 4.2 NFC API as a no-op.

    As the classes android.nfc.NdefMessage and android.nfc.NdefRecord represent a protocol-independent data representation format, device implementations MUST implement these APIs even if they do not include support for NFC or declare the android.hardware.nfc feature.

    7.4.5. Minimum Network Capability

    Device implementations MUST include support for one or more forms of data networking. Specifically, device implementations MUST include support for at least one data standard capable of 200Kbit/sec or greater. Examples of technologies that satisfy this requirement include EDGE, HSPA, EV-DO, 802.11g, Ethernet, etc.

    Device implementations where a physical networking standard (such as Ethernet) is the primary data connection SHOULD also include support for at least one common wireless data standard, such as 802.11 (WiFi).

    Devices MAY implement more than one form of data connectivity.

    7.5. Cameras

    Device implementations SHOULD include a rear-facing camera, and MAY include a front-facing camera. A rear-facing camera is a camera located on the side of the device opposite the display; that is, it images scenes on the far side of the device, like a traditional camera. A front-facing camera is a camera located on the same side of the device as the display; that is, a camera typically used to image the user, such as for video conferencing and similar applications.

    7.5.1. Rear-Facing Camera

    Device implementations SHOULD include a rear-facing camera. If a device implementation includes a rear-facing camera, it:

    • MUST have a resolution of at least 2 megapixels
    • SHOULD have either hardware auto-focus, or software auto-focus implemented in the camera driver (transparent to application software)
    • MAY have fixed-focus or EDOF (extended depth of field) hardware
    • MAY include a flash. If the Camera includes a flash, the flash lamp MUST NOT be lit while an android.hardware.Camera.PreviewCallback instance has been registered on a Camera preview surface, unless the application has explicitly enabled the flash by enabling the FLASH_MODE_AUTO or FLASH_MODE_ON attributes of a Camera.Parameters object. Note that this constraint does not apply to the device's built-in system camera application, but only to third-party applications using Camera.PreviewCallback .

    7.5.2. Front-Facing Camera

    Device implementations MAY include a front-facing camera. If a device implementation includes a front-facing camera, it:

    • MUST have a resolution of at least VGA (that is, 640x480 pixels)
    • MUST NOT use a front-facing camera as the default for the Camera API. That is, the camera API in Android 4.2 has specific support for front-facing cameras, and device implementations MUST NOT configure the API to to treat a front-facing camera as the default rear-facing camera, even if it is the only camera on the device.
    • MAY include features (such as auto-focus, flash, etc.) available to rear-facing cameras as described in Section 7.5.1.
    • MUST horizontally reflect (ie mirror) the stream displayed by an app in a CameraPreview, as follows:
      • If the device implementation is capable of being rotated by user (such as automatically via an accelerometer or manually via user input), the camera preview MUST be mirrored horizontally relative to the device's current orientation.
      • If the current application has explicitly requested that the Camera display be rotated via a call to the android.hardware.Camera.setDisplayOrientation() [ Resources, 50 ] method, the camera preview MUST be mirrored horizontally relative to the orientation specified by the application.
      • Otherwise, the preview MUST be mirrored along the device's default horizontal axis.
    • MUST mirror the image displayed by the postview in the same manner as the camera preview image stream. (If the device implementation does not support postview, this requirement obviously does not apply.)
    • MUST NOT mirror the final captured still image or video streams returned to application callbacks or committed to media storage

    7.5.3. Camera API Behavior

    Device implementations MUST implement the following behaviors for the camera-related APIs, for both front- and rear-facing cameras:

    1. If an application has never called android.hardware.Camera.Parameters.setPreviewFormat(int) , then the device MUST use android.hardware.PixelFormat.YCbCr_420_SP for preview data provided to application callbacks.
    2. If an application registers an android.hardware.Camera.PreviewCallback instance and the system calls the onPreviewFrame() method when the preview format is YCbCr_420_SP, the data in the byte[] passed into onPreviewFrame() must further be in the NV21 encoding format. That is, NV21 MUST be the default.
    3. Device implementations MUST support the YV12 format (as denoted by the android.graphics.ImageFormat.YV12 constant) for camera previews for both front- and rear-facing cameras. (The hardware video encoder and camera may use any native pixel format, but the device implementation MUST support conversion to YV12.)

    Device implementations MUST implement the full Camera API included in the Android 4.2 SDK documentation [ Resources, 51 ]), regardless of whether the device includes hardware autofocus or other capabilities. For instance, cameras that lack autofocus MUST still call any registered android.hardware.Camera.AutoFocusCallback instances (even though this has no relevance to a non-autofocus camera.) Note that this does apply to front-facing cameras; for instance, even though most front-facing cameras do not support autofocus, the API callbacks must still be "faked" as described.

    Device implementations MUST recognize and honor each parameter name defined as a constant on the android.hardware.Camera.Parameters class, if the underlying hardware supports the feature. If the device hardware does not support a feature, the API must behave as documented. Conversely, Device implementations MUST NOT honor or recognize string constants passed to the android.hardware.Camera.setParameters() method other than those documented as constants on the android.hardware.Camera.Parameters . That is, device implementations MUST support all standard Camera parameters if the hardware allows, and MUST NOT support custom Camera parameter types. For instance, device implementations that support image capture using high dynamic range (HDR) imaging techniques MUST support camera parameter Camera.SCENE_MODE_HDR [ Resources, 78 ]).

    Device implementations MUST broadcast the Camera.ACTION_NEW_PICTURE intent whenever a new picture is taken by the camera and the entry of the picture has been added to the media store.

    Device implementations MUST broadcast the Camera.ACTION_NEW_VIDEO intent whenever a new video is recorded by the camera and the entry of the picture has been added to the media store.

    7.5.4. Camera Orientation

    Both front- and rear-facing cameras, if present, MUST be oriented so that the long dimension of the camera aligns with the screen's long dimention. That is, when the device is held in the landscape orientation, cameras MUST capture images in the landscape orientation. This applies regardless of the device's natural orientation; that is, it applies to landscape-primary devices as well as portrait-primary devices.

    7.6. Memory and Storage

    7.6.1. Minimum Memory and Storage

    Device implementations MUST have at least 340MB of memory available to the kernel and userspace. The 340MB MUST be in addition to any memory dedicated to hardware components such as radio, video, and so on that is not under the kernel's control.

    Device implementations MUST have at least 350MB of non-volatile storage available for application private data. That is, the /data partition MUST be at least 350MB.

    The Android APIs include a Download Manager that applications may use to download data files [ Resources, 56 ]. The device implementation of the Download Manager MUST be capable of downloading individual files of at least 100MB in size to the default "cache" location.

    7.6.2. Application Shared Storage

    Device implementations MUST offer shared storage for applications. The shared storage provided MUST be at least 1GB in size.

    Device implementations MUST be configured with shared storage mounted by default, "out of the box". If the shared storage is not mounted on the Linux path /sdcard , then the device MUST include a Linux symbolic link from /sdcard to the actual mount point.

    Device implementations MUST enforce as documented the android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission on this shared storage. Shared storage MUST otherwise be writable by any application that obtains that permission.

    Device implementations MAY have hardware for user-accessible removable storage, such as a Secure Digital card. Alternatively, device implementations MAY allocate internal (non-removable) storage as shared storage for apps.

    Regardless of the form of shared storage used, device implementations MUST provide some mechanism to access the contents of shared storage from a host computer, such as USB mass storage (UMS) or Media Transfer Protocol (MTP). Device implementations MAY use USB mass storage, but SHOULD use Media Transfer Protocol. If the device implementation supports Media Transfer Protocol:

    • The device implementation SHOULD be compatible with the reference Android MTP host, Android File Transfer [ Resources, 57 ].
    • The device implementation SHOULD report a USB device class of 0x00 .
    • The device implementation SHOULD report a USB interface name of 'MTP'.

    If the device implementation lacks USB ports, it MUST provide a host computer with access to the contents of shared storage by some other means, such as a network file system.

    It is illustrative to consider two common examples. If a device implementation includes an SD card slot to satisfy the shared storage requirement, a FAT-formatted SD card 1GB in size or larger MUST be included with the device as sold to users, and MUST be mounted by default. Alternatively, if a device implementation uses internal fixed storage to satisfy this requirement, that storage MUST be 1GB in size or larger and mounted on /sdcard (or /sdcard MUST be a symbolic link to the physical location if it is mounted elsewhere.)

    Device implementations that include multiple shared storage paths (such as both an SD card slot and shared internal storage) SHOULD modify the core applications such as the media scanner and ContentProvider to transparently support files placed in both locations.

    7.7. USB

    Device implementations SHOULD include a USB client port, and SHOULD include a USB host port.

    If a device implementation includes a USB client port:

    • the port MUST be connectable to a USB host with a standard USB-A port
    • the port SHOULD use the micro USB form factor on the device side. Existing and new devices that run Android 4.2 are very strongly encouraged to meet these requirements in Android 4.2 so they will be able to upgrade to the future platform releases
    • the port SHOULD be centered in the middle of an edge. Device implementations SHOULD either locate the port on the bottom of the device (according to natural orientation) or enable software screen rotation for all apps (including home screen), so that the display draws correctly when the device is oriented with the port at bottom. Existing and new devices that run Android 4.2 are very strongly encouraged to meet these requirements in Android 4.2 so they will be able to upgrade to future platform releases.
    • if the device has other ports (such as a non-USB charging port) it SHOULD be on the same edge as the micro-USB port
    • it MUST allow a host connected to the device to access the contents of the shared storage volume using either USB mass storage or Media Transfer Protocol
    • it MUST implement the Android Open Accessory API and specification as documented in the Android SDK documentation, and MUST declare support for the hardware feature android.hardware.usb.accessory [ Resources, 52 ]
    • it MUST implement the USB audio class as documented in the Android SDK documentation [ Resources, 66 ]
    • it SHOULD implement support for USB battery charging specification [ Resources, 64 ] Existing and new devices that run Android 4.2 are very strongly encouraged to meet these requirements in Android 4.2 so they will be able to upgrade to the future platform releases

    If a device implementation includes a USB host port:

    • it MAY use a non-standard port form factor, but if so MUST ship with a cable or cables adapting the port to standard USB-A
    • it MUST implement the Android USB host API as documented in the Android SDK, and MUST declare support for the hardware feature android.hardware.usb.host [ Resources, 53 ]

    Device implementations MUST implement the Android Debug Bridge. If a device implementation omits a USB client port, it MUST implement the Android Debug Bridge via local-area network (such as Ethernet or 802.11)

    8. Performance Compatibility

    Device implementations MUST meet the key performance metrics of an Android 4.2 compatible device defined in the table below:

    Metric Performance Threshold Comments
    Application Launch Time The following applications should launch within the specified time.
    • Browser: less than 1300ms
    • Contacts: less than 700ms
    • Settings: less than 700ms
    The launch time is measured as the total time to complete loading the default activity for the application, including the time it takes to start the Linux process, load the Android package into the Dalvik VM, and call onCreate.
    Simultaneous Applications When multiple applications have been launched, re-launching an already-running application after it has been launched must take less than the original launch time.

    9. Security Model Compatibility

    Device implementations MUST implement a security model consistent with the Android platform security model as defined in Security and Permissions reference document in the APIs [ Resources, 54 ] in the Android developer documentation. Device implementations MUST support installation of self-signed applications without requiring any additional permissions/certificates from any third parties/authorities. Specifically, compatible devices MUST support the security mechanisms described in the follow sub-sections.

    9.1. 권한

    Device implementations MUST support the Android permissions model as defined in the Android developer documentation [ Resources, 54 ]. Specifically, implementations MUST enforce each permission defined as described in the SDK documentation; no permissions may be omitted, altered, or ignored. Implementations MAY add additional permissions, provided the new permission ID strings are not in the android.* namespace.

    9.2. UID and Process Isolation

    Device implementations MUST support the Android application sandbox model, in which each application runs as a unique Unix-style UID and in a separate process. Device implementations MUST support running multiple applications as the same Linux user ID, provided that the applications are properly signed and constructed, as defined in the Security and Permissions reference [ Resources, 54 ].

    9.3. Filesystem Permissions

    Device implementations MUST support the Android file access permissions model as defined in as defined in the Security and Permissions reference [ Resources, 54 ].

    9.4. Alternate Execution Environments

    Device implementations MAY include runtime environments that execute applications using some other software or technology than the Dalvik virtual machine or native code. However, such alternate execution environments MUST NOT compromise the Android security model or the security of installed Android applications, as described in this section.

    Alternate runtimes MUST themselves be Android applications, and abide by the standard Android security model, as described elsewhere in Section 9.

    Alternate runtimes MUST NOT be granted access to resources protected by permissions not requested in the runtime's AndroidManifest.xml file via the <uses-permission> mechanism.

    Alternate runtimes MUST NOT permit applications to make use of features protected by Android permissions restricted to system applications.

    Alternate runtimes MUST abide by the Android sandbox model. Specifically:

    • Alternate runtimes SHOULD install apps via the PackageManager into separate Android sandboxes (that is, Linux user IDs, etc.)
    • Alternate runtimes MAY provide a single Android sandbox shared by all applications using the alternate runtime
    • Alternate runtimes and installed applications using an alternate runtime MUST NOT reuse the sandbox of any other app installed on the device, except through the standard Android mechanisms of shared user ID and signing certificate
    • Alternate runtimes MUST NOT launch with, grant, or be granted access to the sandboxes corresponding to other Android applications

    Alternate runtimes MUST NOT be launched with, be granted, or grant to other applications any privileges of the superuser (root), or of any other user ID.

    The .apk files of alternate runtimes MAY be included in the system image of a device implementation, but MUST be signed with a key distinct from the key used to sign other applications included with the device implementation.

    When installing applications, alternate runtimes MUST obtain user consent for the Android permissions used by the application. That is, if an application needs to make use of a device resource for which there is a corresponding Android permission (such as Camera, GPS, etc.), the alternate runtime MUST inform the user that the application will be able to access that resource. If the runtime environment does not record application capabilities in this manner, the runtime environment MUST list all permissions held by the runtime itself when installing any application using that runtime.

    9.5. Multi-User Support

    Android 4.2 includes support for multiple users and provides support for full user isolation [ Resources, 70 ].

    Device implementations MUST meet these requirements related to multi-user support[ Resources, 71 ]:

    • As the behavior of the telephony APIs on devices with multiple users is currently undefined, device implementations that declare android.hardware.telephony MUST NOT enable multi-user support.
    • Device implementations MUST, for each user, implement a security model consistent with the Android platform security model as defined in Security and Permissions reference document in the APIs [Resources, 54]

    Each user instance on an Android device MUST have separate and isolated external storage directories. Device implementations MAY store multiple users' data on the same volume or filesystem. However, the device implementation MUST ensure that applications owned by and running on behalf a given user cannot list, read, or write to data owned by any other user. Note that removable media, such as SD card slots, can allow one user to access another's data by means of a host PC. For this reason, device implementations that use removable media for the external storage APIs MUST encrypt the contents of the SD card if multi-user is enabled using a key stored only on non-removable media accessible only to the system. As this will make the media unreadable by a host PC, device implementations will be required to switch to MTP or a similar system to provide host PCs with access to the current user's data. Accordingly, device implementations MAY but SHOULD NOT enable multi-user if they use removable media [ Resources, 72 ] for primary external storage. The upstream Android open-source project includes an implementation that uses internal device storage for application external storage APIs; device implementations SHOULD use this configuration and software implementation. Device implementations that include multiple external storage paths MUST NOT allow Android applications to write to the secondary external storage

    9.6. Premium SMS Warning

    Android 4.2 includes support for warning users for any outgoing premium SMS message. Premium SMS messages are text messages sent to a service registered with a carrier that may incur a charge to the user. Device implementations that declare support for android.hardware.telephony MUST warn users before sending a SMS message to numbers identified by regular expressions defined in /data/misc/sms/codes.xml file in the device. The upstream Android open-source project provides an implementation that satisfies this requirement.

    10. Software Compatibility Testing

    Device implementations MUST pass all tests described in this section.

    However, note that no software test package is fully comprehensive. For this reason, device implementers are very strongly encouraged to make the minimum number of changes as possible to the reference and preferred implementation of Android 4.2 available from the Android Open Source Project. This will minimize the risk of introducing bugs that create incompatibilities requiring rework and potential device updates.

    10.1. Compatibility Test Suite

    Device implementations MUST pass the Android Compatibility Test Suite (CTS) [ Resources, 2 ] available from the Android Open Source Project, using the final shipping software on the device. Additionally, device implementers SHOULD use the reference implementation in the Android Open Source tree as much as possible, and MUST ensure compatibility in cases of ambiguity in CTS and for any reimplementations of parts of the reference source code.

    The CTS is designed to be run on an actual device. Like any software, the CTS may itself contain bugs. The CTS will be versioned independently of this Compatibility Definition, and multiple revisions of the CTS may be released for Android 4.2. Device implementations MUST pass the latest CTS version available at the time the device software is completed.

    10.2. CTS Verifier

    Device implementations MUST correctly execute all applicable cases in the CTS Verifier. The CTS Verifier is included with the Compatibility Test Suite, and is intended to be run by a human operator to test functionality that cannot be tested by an automated system, such as correct functioning of a camera and sensors.

    The CTS Verifier has tests for many kinds of hardware, including some hardware that is optional. Device implementations MUST pass all tests for hardware which they possess; for instance, if a device possesses an accelerometer, it MUST correctly execute the Accelerometer test case in the CTS Verifier. Test cases for features noted as optional by this Compatibility Definition Document MAY be skipped or omitted.

    Every device and every build MUST correctly run the CTS Verifier, as noted above. However, since many builds are very similar, device implementers are not expected to explicitly run the CTS Verifier on builds that differ only in trivial ways. Specifically, device implementations that differ from an implementation that has passed the CTS Verfier only by the set of included locales, branding, etc. MAY omit the CTS Verifier test.

    10.3. Reference Applications

    Device implementers MUST test implementation compatibility using the following open source applications:

    • The "Apps for Android" applications [ Resources, 55 ]
    • Replica Island (available in Android Market)

    Each app above MUST launch and behave correctly on the implementation, for the implementation to be considered compatible.

    11. Updatable Software

    Device implementations MUST include a mechanism to replace the entirety of the system software. The mechanism need not perform "live" upgrades - that is, a device restart MAY be required.

    Any method can be used, provided that it can replace the entirety of the software preinstalled on the device. For instance, any of the following approaches will satisfy this requirement:

    • Over-the-air (OTA) downloads with offline update via reboot
    • "Tethered" updates over USB from a host PC
    • "Offline" updates via a reboot and update from a file on removable storage

    The update mechanism used MUST support updates without wiping user data. That is, the update mechanism MUST preserve application private data and application shared data. Note that the upstream Android software includes an update mechanism that satisfies this requirement.

    If an error is found in a device implementation after it has been released but within its reasonable product lifetime that is determined in consultation with the Android Compatibility Team to affect the compatibility of third-party applications, the device implementer MUST correct the error via a software update available that can be applied per the mechanism just described.

    12. Contact Us

    You can contact the document authors at compatibility@android.com for clarifications and to bring up any issues that you think the document does not cover.

    Appendix A - Bluetooth Test Procedure

    The Compatibility Test Suite includes cases that cover basic operation of the Android RFCOMM Bluetooth API. However, since Bluetooth is a communications protocol between devices, it cannot be fully tested by unit tests running on a single device. Consequently, device implementations MUST also pass the human-operated Bluetooth test procedure described below.

    The test procedure is based on the BluetoothChat sample app included in the Android open source project tree. The procedure requires two devices:

    • a candidate device implementation running the software build to be tested
    • a separate device implementation already known to be compatible, and of a model from the device implementation being tested - that is, a "known good" device implementation

    The test procedure below refers to these devices as the "candidate" and "known good" devices, respectively.

    Setup and Installation

    1. Build BluetoothChat.apk via 'make samples' from an Android source code tree
    2. Install BluetoothChat.apk on the known-good device
    3. Install BluetoothChat.apk on the candidate device

    Test Bluetooth Control by Apps

    1. Launch BluetoothChat on the candidate device, while Bluetooth is disabled
    2. Verify that the candidate device either turns on Bluetooth, or prompts the user with a dialog to turn on Bluetooth

    Test Pairing and Communication

    1. Launch the Bluetooth Chat app on both devices
    2. Make the known-good device discoverable from within BluetoothChat (using the Menu)
    3. On the candidate device, scan for Bluetooth devices from within BluetoothChat (using the Menu) and pair with the known-good device
    4. Send 10 or more messages from each device, and verify that the other device receives them correctly
    5. Close the BluetoothChat app on both devices by pressing Home
    6. Unpair each device from the other, using the device Settings app

    Test Pairing and Communication in the Reverse Direction

    1. Launch the Bluetooth Chat app on both devices.
    2. Make the candidate device discoverable from within BluetoothChat (using the Menu).
    3. On the known-good device, scan for Bluetooth devices from within BluetoothChat (using the Menu) and pair with the candidate device.
    4. Send 10 or messages from each device, and verify that the other device receives them correctly.
    5. Close the Bluetooth Chat app on both devices by pressing Back repeatedly to get to the Launcher.

    Test Re-Launches

    1. Re-launch the Bluetooth Chat app on both devices.
    2. Send 10 or messages from each device, and verify that the other device receives them correctly.

    Note: the above tests have some cases which end a test section by using Home, and some using Back. These tests are not redundant and are not optional: the objective is to verify that the Bluetooth API and stack works correctly both when Activities are explicitly terminated (via the user pressing Back, which calls finish()), and implicitly sent to background (via the user pressing Home.) Each test sequence MUST be performed as described.